Question

The two major heart sounds are the first sound is a) Lub - it occurs due to turbalnce caused by closure of mitral and tricuspid valves at the start of the systole.

The second heart sound is ​​​​​​

b)Dub-

​​​​​It is caused by causes by closure of arotic and pulmonary valves corresponds to end of the systole.

1.

Typical resting heart rate corresponds to  60 to 100 beats per minute.That is during the rest heart beat ranges from 60 to 100 beats per minute in adults.

Tachycardia: It is a condition in which the heart beats rapidly at a rate of 100 beats per minute.Arrhytmias ( improper beating beating of heart) can cause tachycardia.

Bradycardia: it is a condition in which the heart beats slower than the normal heart range due to any underlying diseases or something else.

2.

Heart murmur; it is the abnormal sound made by the blod when it moves through the heart.In some heart valve diseases we can hear heart murmur.

Valvular insufficiency; it is a disease of heart in which the valves of heart fail to close properly, resulting in flow of blood in oppsite direction.

Valvular stenosis ; it is a condition in which narrowing of the valve in the large blood vessels branching off the heart.This narrowing causes the reduction in blood flow to the heart and heart beat increases.

3.Rheumatic fever;

it is caused by group A streptococcus.it is an inflammation caused by grp A streptococcus .it causes small painless nodules under the skin,stomach pain,chestpain and bose bleeding occurs.pain in the joints also seen.

Rheumatic fever can effect connective tissue in the heart and make the heart valves harder and causes rheumatoid heart disease.

4.Atrial fibrillation;

Atrial fibrillation vis irregular rapid heart rate that occurs when upper two chambers of heart receive more electrical signals leading bro synchronous activation of atrial fibers leading atrial fibrillation the heart bin this condition is 100-170 beats per minute.

Atrial fibrillation can lead to heart realated disorders.In atrial fibrillation the Patient cannot pump blood to the organs leading to hear failure this leads to insufficient blood to the organs.As the blood is not moving forward the blood may stuck in heart may lead to formation of clot,this clot may embolise which stuck in the blood vessels leading to stroke.

5.Foramen ovale function in fetus-  it is a small hole located in the septum,which is the valve between two upper chambers of the heart, the main function is this shunt moves the oxygenated blood from right atrium to left atrium.This bypass the pulmonary circulacirculation.

Foramen ovale structure in adults is - Fossa ovalis.

Ductus arteriousus shunts oxygenated blood from pulmonary artery to aorta in fetus.

Ductus arteriousus structure in adults is Ligamentum arteriosum.

In the new born baby if the foramen ovale doesn't closes means it gets converted to patent foramen ovale, this results in when there is congenital heart defect.This patent foramen ovale causes the significant amount of blood to bypass the lungs resulting in low oxygen levels.In pulmonary hypertension it causes shortness of breath.

When the ductus arteriosus does not close it becomes patent ductus arteriosus.we know that pressure in the aorta more than in pulmonary artery the patent ductus arteriosus causes the flow of oxygenated blood back to the pulmonary artery from aorta due to more pressure in aorta.This causes increased blood flow to the lungs resulting in some problems like fast breathing, shortness of breath, sweating while feeding.

Answer 1

These all Disease are related to Disease of cardio vascular system.

Normal physiological event are.

Normal heart rate- 60-100 beat per minute.

Normal cardiac out put- 5 liter/ minutes

Cardiac output- stroke volume* heart rate

Stroke volume- it is the volume of the blood eject from the heart in one heart beat. Normal stroke volume is 70 ml/minutes.

Anatomically heart made up of 3 laters-

Epicardium- outer most layer

Myocardium- middle layer of heart

Endocardium- innermost layer of the heart.

Heart have 4 chamber-

Right and left atrium that is upper chamber of the heart

Right and left ventricle are the lower chamber of the heart.

Left atrium and left ventricle is connected via mitral valve or bicuspid valve.

RIGHT atrium and right ventricle connected via tricuspid valve.