Question

describes the events of the cardiac cycle align with the heart sounds and the components of an ecg.

When you inhale, does your chest expand because your lungs inflate, or does lungs inflate because your chest expands?

Explain what causes air to move in and out of the lungs.

Our body is pretty amazing at protecting itself.

Compare and contrast:

- the innate vs. adaptive immune systems

- the two types of adaptive responses

Your older sister is in training for a marathon (26 mile run), and she has been experiencing acute kidney dysfunction during some of her 15-20 mile training runs. She went to the doctor, and her laboratory tests showed elevated serum concentrations of K+, lowered serum concentrations of Na+, and a decrease in the GFR. Her doctor said she may be at risk of developing renal failure during her marathon race.

Explain why these symptoms and conditions may occur while running a marathon.

Answer 1

1.Heart sounds and cardiac cycle

First heart sound:It is produced by closure of Mitral and Tricuspid valves.It is loudest at the apex.

Second heart sound is produced by closure of aortic and pulmonary valves.It is heard on 2nd left and right intercoastal space.

Third heart sound is produced due to rapid filling due to diastolic left ventricular filling.It is low pitched sound.It is heard at the apex.

ECG components

-P wave :It is less than 0.l sec. It is atrial depolarisation wave.

-QRS complex: It is a ventricular activation complex.

-T wave :It is the wave of repolarisation.

-PR interval:Interval between beginning of P wave and Q wave .

-QT interval:Interval between beginning of Q wave and end of T wave.

-QRS interval :interval between beginning of Q wave and end of S wave.

2.During inspiration,Diaphragm contracts and moves downward. This increases space in chest cavity.This creates a negative pressure that pulls the air inside.The muscles between the ribs also enlarge the chest cavity. They contract and pulls the rib cage upward and outward when you inhale.So, the expansion of chest causes the lungs to inflate .

3.Difference between innate and adaptive immunity :-

Innate immunity Adaptive immunity

-present at birth absent at birth

-classified into specific classified as active  

and non -specific and passive immunity.

-mediated by cytokines mediated by antibodies.

-non-specific specific

-Not retain memory retain memory.

4.

Marathon runners have a high risk of renal failure. Long duration running under hot sun can cause body fluid loss and imbalance of sodium and potassium in our body. This leads to renal failure.