Question

Write a description and interpretation of the several pain assessment scales

FLACC

CHEOPS

TPPPS, PPPRS, PPPM

COMFORT

FACES ( FPS-R and Wong-Baker)

OUCHER

Numerical rating scale (NRS)

Visual analog scale(VAS)

NCCPC-PV

NIPS

CRIES

PIPP

NPASS

Answer 1

ANSWER :

☆FLACC -

▪︎Used to assess pain in children aged 2 months to 7 years.

It includes behaviours :

• Face - facial expressions
• Legs - foot movements
• Activity - activity levels
• Cry - crying
• Consolability - relief function

▪︎Total score range from 0-10

▪︎Each category is scored from 0-2

Interpretation :

• 0= relaxed and comfortable
• 1-3 = mild discomfort
• 4-6 = moderate pain
• 7-10 = severe pain

☆CHEOPS :

▪︎Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Pain Scale

▪︎Used to assess post operative pain in children aged 0- 4yrs

It includes behaviours :

• Crying (1-3)
• Facial expression(0-2)
• Speech(0-2)
• Trunk(1-2)
• Tactile(1-2)
• Legs(1-2)

▪︎Total score range from 4-13

Interpretation :

• Minimum score = 4
• Maximum score = 13

☆TPPPS

▪︎Toddler Preschool Postoperative Pain Scale

▪︎Used to assess pain in children aged 1- 5 yrs

Parameters used :

• Vocal pain expression-shouting ,groaning, humming, snoring ,grunting
• Facial pain expression -mouth open, lips swelling to the face ,looking at the corner of eye, close eyes, bumps of eyebrows
• Bodily pain expression- motor behaviours when touching painful area

▪︎Total score range from 0-7

▪︎Each category is scored 0-1

☆PPPRS

▪︎Parent's Post Operative Pain Rating Scale

▪︎Pain is rated based on frequency of the child's behaviour.

Total scoring range 0-10

☆PPPM

▪︎Parent's Post Operative Pain Measure

▪︎A list 15 questions regarding child's behavior in postoperative period are asked to their parent's to assess the presence of clinically significant pain.

▪︎Total score is from 0- 15

Interpretation :

• Minimum score = 6 ( clinically significant pain)
• Maximum score = 15

☆COMFORT

▪︎It measures distress in unconscious and ventilated infants , children and adolescents.

8 parameters used :

• Alertness
• Aggitation
• Respiratory response
• Physical movement
• Blood pressure
• Heart rate
• Muscle tone
• Facial tension

▪︎Total score ranges from 8-40

▪︎Each parameter scored between 1-5

▪︎Score 17-26 = adequate sedation and pain control.