Question

Pain Assessment and management in children.

a) Write a description and interpretation of the several pain assessment scales

FLACC

CHEOPS

TPPPS, PPPRS, PPPM

COMFORT

FACES ( FPS-R and Wong-Baker)

OUCHER

Numerical rating scale (NRS)

Visual analog scale(VAS)

NCCPC-PV

NIPS

CRIES

PIPP

NPASS

Answer 1

1. FLACC

FLACC is a pain scale used. FLACC means face, leg, activities, cry, controllability scale. There is a scoring system of 0, 1, 2

	0	1	2
Face	no expression or smiling	occasional grimace, withdrawal or disinterested	clench jaw and quivering chin
legs	normal position	restless, uneasy and tense	kicking or legs drawing up to the abdomen
activities	lying quietly in a normal position	shifting to back and front with tense	arched, rigid or jerking
cry	no crying	occasionally moans, whispers	crying continuously, sobbing, screaming,
consolability	relaxed no need of consoled	reassured by hugging, touching or talking	not able to consoled at all or difficult to console

Check the score after checking in each behavior if getting 0 then the child is in relaxed, 1-3 score shows having mild discomfort, 4-6 scores show the child having moderate discomfort, 7-10 scores show the child having severe discomfort.

2. CHEOPS

CHEOPS is the pain scale for the assessment of pain base on the behavior of the child. CHEOPS means children hospital of the eastern Ontario pain scale. This scale includes a scoring system for the behavior, cry, facial, verbal, torso, and legs.

	0	1	2
cry	no cry	crying, mourning	screaming
facial	smiling	composed	grimace
torso	neutral	stiffness, tense, upright	restrained
verbal	positive	other complaints	pain complained
legs	neutral	kicking, squirm	restrained

3. Numerical rating scale

This pain scale is used to interpret the pin level by seeing the facial expression of the patient. It ranges from 0 -10. In this the patient is asked to rate the pain level from 0-10 then helps to identify the level of pain.

0 indicates no pain, 1-3 indicates mild pain, 4-6 indicates moderate pain, 7-10 indicates severe pain.

4. FACES

In this scale, the pain level is analyzed by seeing the facial expression of the patient. In this also scoring start from 0 -10. 0 indicates no hurt, 2 indicates hurts little bit, 4 indicates hurt little more, 6 indicates hurts even more, 8 indicates hurts whole lot, 10 indicates hurts worse.