Question

In: Biology

A gene is composed of DNA and a protein is composed amino acids. Describe the steps...

A gene is composed of DNA and a protein is composed amino acids. Describe the steps involved in converting the information contained in a gene into a protein.

**Please include and define all of the following terms in your description:**

Ribosome, template strand, non-template strand, reading frame, complementary, tRNA, mRNA, start codon, stop codon, transcription factors, 5’ to 3’, translation, transcription, gene promoter, RNA polymerase

Solutions

Expert Solution

Most genes contain the information needed to make functional molecules called proteins. (A few genes produce other molecules that help the cell assemble proteins.) The journey from gene to protein is complex and tightly controlled within each cell. It consists of two major steps: transcription (process by which the information in a strand of DNA is copied into a new molecule of messenger RNA​ ) and translation ( process of forming a protein molecule at a ribosomal site of protein synthesis from information contained in messenger RNA )  Together, transcription and translation are known as gene expression. During the process of transcription, the information stored in a gene's DNA is transferred to a similar molecule called RNA (ribonucleic acid) in the cell nucleus. Both RNA and DNA are made up of a chain of nucleotide bases, but they have slightly different chemical properties. The type of RNA that contains the information for making a protein is called messenger RNA (an RNA molecule transcribed from the DNA of a gene, and from which a protein is translated by the action of ribosomes)

Translation, the second step in getting from a gene to a protein, takes place in the cytoplasm. The mRNA interacts with a specialized complex called a ribosome ( a tiny, somewhat mitten-shaped organelle occurring in great numbers in the cell cytoplasm either freely, in small clusters, or attached to the outer surfaces of endoplasmic reticula, and functioning as the site of protein manufacture) which "reads" the sequence of mRNA bases. Each sequence of three bases, called a codon (a triplet of adjacent nucleotides in the messenger RNA chain that codes for a specific amino acid in the synthesis of a protein molecule) usually codes for one particular amino acid. (Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins.) A type of RNA called transfer RNA (tRNA) assembles the protein, one amino acid at a time. Protein assembly continues until the ribosome encounters a “stop” codon (a sequence of three bases that does not code for an amino acid).) because it carries the information, or message, from the DNA out of the nucleus into the cytoplasm.

The flow of information from DNA to RNA to proteins is one of the fundamental principles of molecular biology. It is so important that it is sometimes called the “central dogma.”


Related Solutions

Write and describe about the important of Protein and Amino Acids Test in healthcare or industry....
Write and describe about the important of Protein and Amino Acids Test in healthcare or industry. Note: The report must not exceed 3 pages maximum (NOT include cover page and references), type of test, purposes and the important of the test with reliable references Write and describe about the important of Protein and Amino Acids Test in healthcare or industry. Note: The report must not exceed 3 pages maximum (NOT include cover page and references), type of test, purposes and...
Write and describe about the important of Protein and Amino Acids Test in healthcare or industry....
Write and describe about the important of Protein and Amino Acids Test in healthcare or industry. Note: The report must not exceed 3 pages minimum (NOT include references), type of test, purposes and the important of the test with reliable references subject biochemestry
A large protein of 1205 amino acids was produced errors of average 8 mistakes/200 amino acids....
A large protein of 1205 amino acids was produced errors of average 8 mistakes/200 amino acids. Calculate probability to produce protein with: No mutation Less than 2 mutations Exactly 3 mutations Give mathematical expression and the number used in these expressions.
Describe the process of protein synthesis in prokaryotic cells. Begin with a gene in the DNA...
Describe the process of protein synthesis in prokaryotic cells. Begin with a gene in the DNA and throughly explain all of the steps of transcription (initiation , elongation, termination and one type of termination. Describe translation(initiation, elongation, termination) that result in the formation of a functional protein. Be specific as to the mechanism of each step.
1) Describe the process and steps involved in the production of a protein from a DNA...
1) Describe the process and steps involved in the production of a protein from a DNA blueprint.
If a polypeptide is composed of 319 amino acids, how many nucleotides were in the mRNA...
If a polypeptide is composed of 319 amino acids, how many nucleotides were in the mRNA transcript for the polypeptide? Show your work (math).
1. The alpha-tubulin molecule is composed of 450 amino acids. What is the minimum number of...
1. The alpha-tubulin molecule is composed of 450 amino acids. What is the minimum number of base pairs of DNA needed to encode the alpha-tubulin molecule? A. 1350 B. 1335 C. 450 D. 445 2. Compared to a 0.5 M NaCl solution, a 0.2 M NaCl solution is __________. A. hypotonic B. hypertonic C. isotonic D. neotonic 3. You have identified a frame-shift mutation very near the N-terminus of the protein you are studying. What will be the MOST LIKELY...
Below are the DNA sequences that encode the first eight amino acids for four alleles of...
Below are the DNA sequences that encode the first eight amino acids for four alleles of the Adh protein in Drosophila melanogaster. Nucleotides that differ from the first sequence are shown by a lowercase letter. ATGTCTCTCACCAACAAGAACGTC ATGgCTCTCACCAACAAGAACGTC ATGTCgCTCACCAACAAGAACGTC ATGTCTtTgACCAACAAGAACGTC a. What are the first eight amino acids for each of these four DNA sequences? b. For each of the four polymorphic sites, indicate whether the site represents a synonymous or nonsynonymous polymorphism. c. Synonymous polymorphisms tend to be more common...
Below are the DNA sequences that encode the first eight amino acids for four alleles of...
Below are the DNA sequences that encode the first eight amino acids for four alleles of the Adh protein in Drosophila melanogaster. Nucleotides that differ from the first sequence are shown by a lowercase letter. ATGTCTCTCACCAACAAGAACGTC ATGgCTCTCACCAACAAGAACGTC ATGTCgCTCACCAACAAGAACGTC ATGTCTtTgACCAACAAGAACGTC a. What are the first eight amino acids for each of these four DNA sequences? b. For each of the four polymorphic sites, indicate whether the site represents a synonymous or nonsynonymous polymorphism. c. Synonymous polymorphisms tend to be more common...
Below are the DNA sequences that encode the first eight amino acids for five alleles of...
Below are the DNA sequences that encode the first eight amino acids for five alleles of the Adh protein in Drosphila pseudoobscura. Nucleotides that differ from the first sequence are shown by a lowercase letter. ATGTCTCTCACCAACAAGAACGTC ATGgCTCTCACCAACAAGAACGTC ATGTCgCTCACCAACAAGAACGTC ATGTCTtTgACCAACAAGAACGTC ATGTCTCTCACCAACAAGAACGTg a. What are the first eight amino acids for each of these five DNA sequences? b. For each of the five polymorphic sites, indicate whether the site represents a synonymous or nonsynonymous polymorphism. c. The fourth sequence shown above has...
ADVERTISEMENT
ADVERTISEMENT
ADVERTISEMENT