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Below are the DNA sequences that encode the first eight amino acids for four alleles of...

Below are the DNA sequences that encode the first eight amino acids for four alleles of the Adh protein in Drosophila melanogaster. Nucleotides that differ from the first sequence are shown by a lowercase letter.

ATGTCTCTCACCAACAAGAACGTC

ATGgCTCTCACCAACAAGAACGTC

ATGTCgCTCACCAACAAGAACGTC

ATGTCTtTgACCAACAAGAACGTC

a. What are the first eight amino acids for each of these four DNA sequences?

b. For each of the four polymorphic sites, indicate whether the site represents a synonymous or nonsynonymous polymorphism.

c. Synonymous polymorphisms tend to be more common than nonsynonymous ones. Why might that be?


I mostly need help with question “C.” So if anything please answer question “C”!!

Solutions

Expert Solution

a.

1.

DNA:      ATG TCT CTC ACC AAC AAG AAC GTC

mRNA:   AUG UCU CUC ACC AAC AAG AAC GUC

Protein: Met-Ser-Leu-Thr-Asn-Lys-Asn-Val

2.

DNA:      ATG gCT CTC ACC AAC AAG AAC GTC

mRNA: AUG cCU CUC ACC AAC AAG AAC GUC

Protein: Met-Pro-Leu-Thr-Asn-Lys-Asn-Val

3.

DNA:      ATG TCg CTC ACC AAC AAG AAC GTC

mRNA:   AUG UCc CUC ACC AAC AAG AAC GUC

Protein: Met-Ser-Leu-Thr-Asn-Lys-Asn-Val

4.

DNA:      ATG TCT tTg ACC AAC AAG AAC GTC

mRNA:   AUG UCU uUg ACC AAC AAG AAC GUC

Protein: Met-Ser-Leu-Thr-Asn-Lys-Asn-Val

b.

Evolutionary mutations are mainly Non-Synonymous substitution, which results in change in amino acid

sequences.

1) synonymous- mutation that causes no change in amino acid and thus is not important in evolution.

2) non-synonymous- mutation that causes changes in amino acids and thus is important in evolution process.

Thus: For 4 sites:

First sequence, is the wild type sequence with no change.

For first change- UCU-GCU- changes amino acid from Ser- Leu.  Non-synonymous

UCU-UCC- no change in amino acid from Ser. Synonymous

CUC-UUG- no change in amino acid from Leu. Synonymous

c)

  • Mutations lead to variations in the DNA sequence, which results in new allele and thus genetic variation.
  • However, most genomic alterations in form synonymous mutation do not change the protein sequences.
  • Most of the mutations are detected and repaired before expression into proteins. Thus, non-synonymous types are reduced.
  • Non-synonymous/ synonymous substitution mutations are indicated by dN/dS ratio. dS is expected to be greater than dN due to selection, which slows down the rate of Non-synonymous/ synonymous substitution

gladiator answered 2 years ago
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