Question

Nursing theorist: Sister Callista Roy!

How does this theorist view each of the four phenomena of concern? (person, Health, Environment, Nursing)!

Answer 1

Person :- “Human systems have thinking and feeling capacities, rooted in consciousness and meaning, by which they adjust effectively to changes in the environment and, in turn, affect the environment.”Based on Roy, humans are holistic beings that are in constant interaction with their environment. Humans use a system of adaptation, both innate and acquired, to respond to the environmental stimuli they experience. Human systems can be individuals or groups, such as families, organizations, and the whole global community.
Environment :- “The conditions, circumstances and influences surrounding and affecting the development and behavior of persons or groups, with particular consideration of the mutuality of person and health resources that includes focal, contextual and residual stimuli.”The environment is defined as conditions, circumstances, and influences that affect the development and behavior of humans as an adaptive system. The environment is a stimulus or input that requires a person to adapt. These stimuli can be positive or negative.Roy categorized these stimuli as focal, contextual, and residual. Focal stimuli are that which confronts the human system and requires the most attention. Contextual stimuli are characterized as the rest of the stimuli that present with the focal stimuli and contribute to its effect. Residual stimuli are the additional environmental factors present within the situation, but whose effect is unclear. This can include previous experience with certain stimuli.
Health :- “Health is not freedom from the inevitability of death, disease, unhappiness, and stress, but the ability to cope with them in a competent way.” Health is defined as the state where humans can continually adapt to stimuli. Because illness is a part of life, health is the result of a process where health and illness can coexist. If a human can continue to adapt holistically, they will be able to maintain health to reach completeness and unity within themselves. If they cannot adapt accordingly, the integrity of the person can be affected negatively.
Nursing :- “The goal of nursing is the promotion of adaptation for individuals and groups in each of the four adaptive modes, thus contributing to health, quality of life, and dying with dignity.” In Adaptation Model, nurses are facilitators of adaptation. They assess the patient’s behaviors for adaptation, promote positive adaptation by enhancing environment interactions and helping patients react positively to stimuli. Nurses eliminate ineffective copingmechanisms and eventually lead to better outcomes.