Question

mandatory immunization .....(article)

Which theory or theories were illustrated in the particular story? How and why? Identify the difficulties with the interpretation or interpretations. Explain.

article

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3216445/

Answer 1

Theory - The Health Promotion Model was designed by Nola J. Pender to be a "complementary counterpart to models of health protection." It defines health as a positive dynamic state rather than simply the absence of disease. Health promotion is directed at increasing a patient's level of well-being. The health promotion model describes the multidimensional nature of persons as they interact within their environment to pursue health.

The model focuses on following three areas:

The health promotion model notes that each person has unique personal characteristics and experiences that affect subsequent actions. The set of variables for behavioral specific knowledge and affect have important motivational significance. These variables can be modified through nursing actions. Health promoting behavior is the desired behavioral outcome and is the end point in the HPM.

Health promoting behaviors should result in improved health, enhanced functional ability and better quality of life at all stages of development. The final behavioral demand is also influenced by the immediate competing demand and preferences, which can derail an intended health promoting actions.

• · Individual characteristics and experiences

• · Behavior-specific cognitions and affect

• · Behavioral outcomes

• THE MAJOR CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS OF THE HEALTH PROMOTION MODEL

• Individual Characteristics and Experience

• Prior related behaviour

• Frequency of the similar behaviour in the past. Direct and indirect effects on the likelihood of engaging in health promoting behaviors.

• PERSONAL FACTORS

  Personal factors categorized as biological, psychological and socio-cultural. These factors are predictive of a given behavior and shaped by the nature of the target behaviour being considered.

  Personal biological factors

• Include variable such as age gender body mass index pubertal status, aerobic capacity, strength, agility, or balance.

• Personal psychological factors

• Include variables such as self esteem self motivation personal competence perceived health status and definition of health.

• Personal socio-cultural factors

• Include variables such as race ethnicity, accuculturation, education and socioeconomic status.

• Behavioural Specific Cognition and Affect

• PERCEIVED BENEFITS OF ACTION

• Anticipated positive out comes that will occur from health behaviour.

• PERCEIVED BARRIERS TO ACTION

• Anticipated, imagined or real blocks and personal costs of understanding a given behaviour

• PERCEIVED SELF EFFICACY

  Judgment of personal capability to organise and execute a health-promoting behaviour. Perceived self efficacy influences perceived barriers to action so higher efficacy result in lowered perceptions of barriers to the performance of the behavior.

  ACTIVITY RELATED AFFECT

  Subjective positive or negative feeling that occur before, during and following behavior based on the stimulus properties of the behaviour itself. Activity-related affect influences perceived self-efficacy, which means the more positive the subjective feeling, the greater the feeling of efficacy. In turn, increased feelings of efficacy can generate further positive affect.

  INTERPERSONAL INFLUENCES

  Cognition concerning behaviours, beliefs, or attitudes of the others. Interpersonal influences include: norms (expectations of significant others), social support (instrumental and emotional encouragement) and modelling (vicarious learning through observing others engaged in a particular behaviour). Primary sources of interpersonal influences are families, peers, and healthcare providers.

  SITUATIONAL INFLUENCES

  Personal perceptions and cognitions of any given situation or context that can facilitate or impede behaviour. Include perceptions of options available, demand characteristics and aesthetic features of the environment in which given health promoting is proposed to take place. Situational influences may have direct or indirect influences on health behaviour.

  Behavioural Outcome

  COMMITMENT TO PLAN OF ACTION

  The concept of intention and identification of a planned strategy leads to implementation of health behaviour.

  IMMEDIATE COMPETING DEMANDS AND PREFERENCES

  Competing demands are those alternative behaviour over which individuals have low control because there are environmental contingencies such as work or family care responsibilities. Competing preferences are alternative behaviour over which individuals exert relatively high control, such as choice of ice cream or apple for a snack

  HEALTH PROMOTING BEHAVIOUR

  Endpoint or action outcome directed toward attaining positive health outcome such as optimal well-being, personal fulfillment, and productive living.