a) Draw a schematic of binary distillation column and annotate it appropriately to include feed, distillate and bottoms flowrates and compositions, equilibrium stages, feed stage, reboiler stage and reflux ratio.

b) State the vapour and liquid compositions entering and leaving the feed stage.

Steam at 361 kPa and 150°C is condensed at its saturation temperature. What is the temperature of the condensate? How much energy is produced by the process?

1. We define the activity of pure liquids as 1 to define the standard state. However, this is an arbitrary choice. Find the dissociation constant, K, for the autoprotolysis of pure water using the molarity standard state for water (i.e. defining the activity as 1 for a water concentration of 1 mol/l). You may take the density of water to be 1.0 g/ml.

2.   Will K have the same value in this standard state at 60?C?   

A high-­viscosity oil is transported through a wide rectangular duct of length L, width W and depth 2B via pressure-­driven flow. The duct is inclined at an angle b? below the horizontal plane (gravity may be assumed to act downwards in the vertical direction), and is sufficiently broad that edge effects may be neglected in the transverse (x2) direction. The pressure at the upstream end of the duct (x1=0) is Po, and at the downstream end (x1=L) is PL. The flow may be regarded as laminar and isothermal, and the oil is a Newtonian liquid;? the duct may be regarded as stationary.

(a) Starting with the appropriate form of the Continuity Equation and Equations of Motion derive an equation for determining the x1 component of velocity at steady state. Be sure to identify all assumptions and boundary conditions. You should attach a marked equation sheet showing the manner in which you simplified the Navier-­ Stokes Equations.

(b) Derive an equation for the volume flow rate of oil through the duct at steady state under these conditions.

(c) Derive an expression for the shear stress T₃₁ at the upper surface of the duct (x3 = B) at steady state.

Collision Theory. Make an outline of the steps that were used to derive

-ra=Ae^(E/RT)CaCb

On an atomistic level – why can pond skaters and other small creatures walk on water, whereas we can’t? Similarly, why is it that mosquitos can’t breed in pondwater that has had a small amount of kerosene poured onto it?

Determine the sizing of a desorber for the following conditions: feed alkanolamine liquid flowrate is 4 m3/h, feed gas flowrate is air at 14 kgmol/h. The density of air is 1.188 kg/m3 and density of liquid is 998 kg/m3. The liquid viscosity is 0.998 kg/m/s. The desorption column is to be packed with 35-mm plastics Pall rings. The column should be operated at 50% flooding.

Acetaldehyde, CH3CHO, may be produced by the reaction of ethylene with oxygen in

the presence of a tetrachloropalladate catalyst according to the reaction:

2 CH2CH2+ O2? 2 CH3CHO

In an undesired side reaction some of the ethylene is oxidized to produce carbon

dioxide and water,

CH2CH2+ 3 O2? 2 CO2 + 2 H2O

A catalytic reactor is fed with a mixture of ethylene and oxygen only, and only the two

above reactions occur. The exit stream contains gas with the following composition:

CH2CH2 18.5 mol %

O2 unknown

CH3CHO 47.0 mol %

CO2 6.1 mol %

H2O unknown

Calculate:

a)The composition of the feed mixture.

b)The excess O2(expressed as a percentage).

c) The conversion of ethylene (expressed as a percentage).

d) The yield of acetaldehyde (expressed as a percentage).

e) The selectivity (expressed as a ratio).

A small water pump is used for an irrigation project. The pump takes water in from a river at 10^oC, 100 kPa at a mass flow rate of 16.83 kg/s. The exit line enters a pipe that goes up to an elevation 26.15 mm above the pump and river, where the water runs into an open channel. Assume the process is adiabatic and that the water stays at 10 ^oC. Find the required pump work.

1.    A 1.00 liter solution contains 0.38 M acetic acid and 0.49 M sodium acetate.

If 0.120 moles of calcium hydroxide are added to this system, indicate whether the following statements are true or false.

(Assume that the volume does not change upon the addition of calcium hydroxide.)

A. The number of moles of CH₃COOH will remain the same.

B. The number of moles of CH₃COO^- will decrease.

C. The equilibrium concentration of H₃O⁺ will decrease.

D. The pH will increase.

E. The ratio of [CH₃COOH] / [CH₃COO^-] will decrease.

2.    A 1.00 liter solution contains 0.41 M ammonia and 0.32 M ammonium nitrate.

If 0.16 moles of perchloric acid are added to this system, indicate whether the following statements are true or false.

(Assume that the volume does not change upon the addition of perchloric acid.)

A. The number of moles of NH₃ will remain the same.

B. The number of moles of NH₄⁺ will increase.

C. The equilibrium concentration of H₃O⁺ will remain the same.

D. The pH will decrease.

E. The ratio of [NH₃] / [NH₄⁺] will decrease.

How does the coefficient of friction in diamond compare to the others? Depositing diamond-like coatings on objects is relatively expensive. What might be some application you can think of where there would likely be a cost benefit of depositing diamond film coatings?

Describe active versus passive modification of a package’s internal atmosphere – how do they differ? Give a brief example of each including how and when they are used.

Describe the advantages and disadvantages of MAP. Why do you feel the manufacturer in this article choose to use MAP for this pet food product?

Nitrogen (N2) and Carbon Dioxide (CO2) are two of the main gasses used in MAP. Describe applications for when they are used and include the deteriorative effects they are preventing or slowing down.

As a packaging engineer what packaging functional tests would you perform to assure the package in the article can deliver the desired shelf life? Why is the selection of packaging production equipment important in selecting a production line for MAP?

https://www.packworld.com/machinery/fillingsealing/complete-fresh-pet-food-meals-map-sups

Is there a minimum reflux ratio for the batch distillation? If so, how can we determine it experimentally? Please help me with this. I'm not sure since batch operates like one stage but the slope of the rectifying section is the same? Is it the same way as finding Rmin for Continuous distillation? Thanks!

purpose of creating standard curve for refractive index in smple and fractional distillation experiment?

The Navier Stokes equation is well known. Make the Navier Stokes equation dimensionless. Make your assumptions about the different parameters. Using Reynold's number, show the terms that exist at high Reynold's number and those at low Reynold's number What do these represent?

Please explain in full detail.