Select a system from everyday life that employs feedback control in its operation.

a. Describe the system and how feedback is used.

b. Identify the manipulated variable(s), controlled variable(s) and disturbance variable(s).

a) The K-ratio is used to calculate the equilibrium distribution of a component in a mixture between vapor and liquid phases. It can be determined by using two method.

Determine the K-ratio. For n-octane at 100°C at 0.1 MPa

i) Using Raoult’s Law

ii) using the de Priester chart. (Show the chart in your answer.)

2. Determine the bubble point temperature (lower limit to the flash tank temperature)and the dew point temperature (upper limit to the flash tank temperature) for a mixture of n-hexane, n-heptane, and n-octane in a 0.33:0.33:0.34 molar ratio at 0.1 MPa .

3. For an isothermal flash at 100°C and 0.1 MPa what is the V/F ratio, for the mixture of part b, and what are the compositions of the vapor and liquid products.

a) Discuss the theoretical principles of constant pressure filtration relating it to plate and frame filtration

b) Give the industry application of this type of filter

c) Calculate the specific resistance of the cake (α) and the resistance of the filter medium (Rm) on the basis of the following experimental data for a constant pressure filtration of a suspension of incompressible solids of concentration 30 kg/m3 on a filter medium of area 1 m2 . The pressure drop was 2 bar. The viscosity of the filtrate (η) is 1.1 x 10-3 kg/m/s.

Vol of filtrate V (m3 ) Time t(s)

2.0x10-3 23

4.0 60

6.0 114

8.0 184

10.0 270

A packed bed reactor is 2 m long with 0.2 m diameter. The reactor is filled with 1000 spherical particles with a diameter of 5 mm. Air enters the reactor at a volumetric flow rate of 0.0X m³/s. At these conditions, density of air is 1.2 kg/m3 with a viscosity y of 3.0 x 10^-5 Pa.s. Calculate:

- Porosity of the bed reactor.

- The gas mass velocity, G.

- Re number, at this value of Re would kinetics or viscous effect dominate the pressure drop?

- Pressure drop across the reactor.

x=1

Estimated required time to solve the question: 15 minutes

The elementary liquid phase reaction

A + B C

is carried out in a 550 dm3 reactor. The entering concentrations of streams A and B are both 2-molar and the specific reaction rate is 0.015 dm3/(mol*min).

1.1 Calculate the time to reach 80%conversion if the reactor is a batch reactor filled to the brim.
1.2 Assuming a stoichiometric feed (10 mol A/min) to a continuous flow reactor, calculate the reactor volume and space-time to achieve 80% conversion if the reactor is

1.2.1 CSTR 1.2.2 PFR
1.3 Redo questions 1.1 and 1.2 assuming the reaction is first-order in B and zero-order in A with k = 0.015 /min.
1.4 Assume the reaction is reversible with Ke = 2 dm3/mol. Calculate the equilibrium conversion and the CSTR and PFR volumes necessary to achieve 98% of the equilibrium conversion.

Give three examples of applications in which adsorption is preferable to cryogenic separation, and briefly explain why.

Why do we need to maintain liquid level in the bottom of distillation column? (also liquid level in accumulator)? Is there relation between maintaining liquid level in the bottom of distillation column with operability of kettle reboiler?

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Determine the entropy change of the systems given below and their surroundings. lllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll

Discuss if the 2nd law is violated or not.

(a) A gas in a rigid tank is heated in a reversible process.

(b) An ideal gas with constant specific heats in a piston-cylinder device is cooled down in a reversible isobaric process.

(c) A gas in a piston-cylinder device is compressed in a reversible adiabatic process.

(d) A saturated liquid-vapor mixture in a piston-cylinder device releases heat in an irreversible isothermal process till the working fluid is a saturated liquid.

The wind power turbine is generating different amounts of energies at various
time periods as shown below. The density of air is 0.093 lb/ft3

and the length of
the blade in turbine is 6200 cm. if the turbine rotates with different speeds it
generates various tip speed ratios. Show and explain the effect of air speeds on
tipspeed ratios by drawing a graph (excel or handwritten).Consider the rotation
speed is 22 rpm and power coefficient as 0.45. (8)

Why does the entropy increase when a lipid bilayer forms from phospholipid molecules?

What is the difference between IC50, EC50, and Ki?

Match the valence electrons with the elements K, P, Ar, B, CI, Si (3.0 marks) Valence electrons 4 Element (b) Calculate the oxidation number Sulphur in (NH4),SO4 Nitrogen in Nitric acid

A reducing elbow in a horizontal pipe is used to deflect water flow by an angle θ = 45° from the flow direction while accelerating it. The elbow discharges water into the atmosphere. The cross-sectional area of the elbow is 150 cm² at the inlet and 25 cm² at the exit. The elevation difference between the centers of the exit and the inlet is 40 cm. The mass of the elbow and the water in it is 57 kg. Determine the anchoring force needed to hold the elbow in place. Take the momentum-flux correction factor to be 1.03 at both the inlet and the outlet. The density of water is 1000 kg/m³, and the flow rate of water is 30 kg/s