Two streams containing a mixture of methanol and water are to be distilled in a distillation column
operating at 1 atm. The first stream enters the column closer to the top as a saturated liquid at 73
°C, with a flow rate of 55 kmol/h. The second stream enters the column at the temperature of 90°C
closer to the bottom, with a flow rate of 40 kmol/h, at the concentration of 30 mol% methanol. The
bottoms stream leaving the reboiler contains 4 mol % methanol and the distillate contains 90 mol
% methanol. The vapour is generated at the bottom of the column in an external reboiler and the
column has a total condenser.+

a) Draw the flowchart of the process and determine the flow rates of the distillate and bottoms
streams.
b) Show all the calculations required to determine all the operating lines for a reflux ratio of 2.
Plot all the operating lines.
c) Determine the minimum reflux ratio.

A fuel gas mixture has the following volumetric analysis:

CH₄= 75.5, C₂H₄=24.5

Calculate the dry-gas analysis for complete combustion with dry air if 20 percent in excess.

Consider a regenerative vapor power cycle with two feedwater heaters, a closed one and an open one, and reheat. Steam enters the first turbine stage at 12 MPa, 480°C, and expands to 2 MPa. Some steam is extracted at 2 MPa and fed to the closed feedwater heater. The remainder is reheated at 2 MPa to 440°C and then expands through the second-stage turbine to 0.3 MPa, where an additional amount is extracted and fed into the open feedwater heater operating at 0.3 MPa.

The steam expanding through the third-stage turbine exits at the condenser pressure of 20 kPa. Feedwater leaves the closed heater at 210°C, 12 MPa, and condensate exiting as saturated liquid at 2 MPa is trapped into the open feedwater heater. Saturated liquid at 0.3 MPa leaves the open feedwater heater. Assume all pumps and turbine stages operate isentropically.

Determine for the cycle:

(a) the heat transfer to the working fluid passing through the steam generator, in kJ per kg of steam entering the turbine.

(b) the percent thermal efficiency.

(c) the heat transfer from the working fluid passing through the condenser to the cooling water, in kJ per kg of steam entering the first-stage turbine.

1. Show clearly, with calculation steps, how to make 200ml of 90% and 80%(v/v) ethanol, respectively.
2. Show clearly, with calculation steps, how to make 70% (v/v) ethanol + 1% (v/v) acetic acid (final volume = 200ml).

Analyze in details on how does Annealing affect metal properties?

material engineering

Reactor Systems and Separation Systems

1. Compare and contrast the different types of reactors used in a refinery. Summarize your answer in a tabulated form.
2. Explain the factors affecting the design of reactor systems.

Discuss the effects of European mountain ranges in the creation of Foehn winds?

ACME Incorporated has built a factory 1 kilometer upwind of your home. It is a coal power plant that emits carbon monoxide (CO) at a rate of 500 kilograms per second.

Discussion Question 1

What will the concentration of CO be outside your home be if the factory emits CO at the rate given above, your home is 1 km downwind of the factory, the wind speed is 3 meters per second, and the atmospheric stability is slightly stable? Report in units of kg/ m³. To calculate this concentration, use the simplified Gaussian Plume Equation:

C= QU    ×   12πσyσz

Where:

• C is concentration (mg/m³)
• Q is emission rate (kg/second)
• U is wind speed (m/s)
• p is a constant = 3.14159
• s_y is the horizontal dispersion coefficient (m)
• s_z is the vertical dispersion coefficient (m)

We can estimate s_y and s_z as:

s_y = ax^0.893                     s_z = cx^d – f

Where:

• x is the distance downwind (m)
• a, c, d, and f are dependent on atmospheric stability and are given in the table below

Discussion Question 2

Does this concentration violate the 8-hour NAAQS standard for CO (9 ppm)? Note that you need to convert units from kg/m³ to ppm to answer this.

***Hints***

1 kg = 1000 g

The molar mass of CO is 22.01 g/mol

Avogadro’s number is 6.02*10²³ molecules/mol

Assuming standard conditions of T=298 Kelvins and P = 1 atm, there are 2.46 *10²² molecules/L of air

1000L = 1 m³

To get units in ppm, do: (# of molecules of CO)/(# of molecules of air) *10⁶

In a system A-B-C, a ternary alloy of composition 30wt% B and 30 wt % C consists at a particular temperature of three phases of equilibrium compositions as follows:

Liquid phase: 50% A, 40% B, 10% C

Alpha solid solution: 85% A, 10% B, 5% C

Beta Solid solution:10% A, 20% B, 70% C

(a) Calculate the proportions by weight of liquid, Alpha, and Beta present in this alloy.

(b) For the same temperature, deduce the composition of the alloy consisting of equal proportions of Alpha and Beta phases of the compositions stated above, but with no liquid phase.

Using cross sections, sketch, label, and explain the setting for a cold front and warm front. In addition, sketch, label, and explain the setting for a stationary front.

Please consider a poorly insulated compressor that was in need of maintenance. The compressor consumed 1.00 kW and took in R-22 at -15 C and 1 bar. The R-22 exited at 10 bar. Irreversibilities within the compressor generated entropy at the rate of 0.100 kJ/kg-K. The compressor leaked heat at the rate of 8.19 kJ/kg at an effective temperature of 300 K.

a. Please take the Compressor as the system and make a sketch. Also, please use this space to keep a list of the assumptions you make while addressing Parts b-g of this problem.   

b. What type of system is the compressor? Please use a sentence or two to explain.   

c. Please write and reduce the Mass Rate Balance (Eq. 4.2) for the system.

d. Please write and reduce the Energy Rate Balance (Eq. 4.15) for the system.

e. Please write and reduce the Entropy Rate Balance (Eq. 6.34) for the system.

f. Please determine Te in C

g. Please determine ?̇ in kg/sec.