1 mL of a 5.0 nM enzyme solution is rapidly mixed into 9 mL of a 0.50 µM substrate solution, and the rate of formation of product is found to be 0.490 µM/s.

a) What are the initial concentrations of enzyme and substrate in the 10 mL mixture?

b) Calculate the Michaelis constant of the complex (KM), knowing that the rate of formation of product saturates to 0.670 µM/s when the experiment is performed with a highly concentrated substrate solution instead of the 0.50 µM substrate solution

Steam enters the high-pressure turbine of a steam power plant that operates on the ideal reheat Rankine cycle at 6 MPa and 500°C and leaves as saturated vapor. Steam is then reheated to 400°C before it expands to a pressure of 10 kPa. Heat is transferred to the steam in the boiler at a rate of 6*10⁴ kW. Steam is cooled in the condenser by the cooling water from a nearby river, which enters the condenser at 7°C. Show the cycle on a T-S diagram with respect to saturation lines, and determine

(a) the pressure at which reheating takes place,

(b) the net power output and thermal efficiency,

(c) the minimum mass flow rate of the cooling water required.

A gas-turbine power plant operates on the simple Brayton cycle with air as the working fluid and delivers 32 MW of power. The minimum and maximum temperatures in the cycle are 310 and 900 K, and the pressure of air at the compressor exit is 8 times the value at the compressor inlet. Assuming an isentropic efficiency of 80% for the compressor and 86% for the turbine, determine the mass flow rate of air through the cycle. Account for the variation of specific heats with temperature.

An ideal dual cycle has a compression ratio of 15 and a cutoff ratio of 1.4. The pressure ratio during constant-volume heat addition process is 1.1. The state of the air at the beginning of the compression is P₁ = 98 kPa and T₁ = 24°C. Calculate the cycle’s net specific work, specific heat addition, and thermal efficiency. Use constant specific heats at room temperature.

Steam saturated at 70 kPa is condensing on a ¾ in. Sch 40 vertical tube 1 ft. long and a surface temperature of 90 deg C. Calculate the average heat-transfer coefficient. Express your answer in AES units. (Note: Use the film-condensation coefficient for vertical surfaces)

100 litres each of gasoline (55°API), kerosene (40°API), gas oil (31°API), and isopentane (96 °API ) are mixed. The density of water at 288.5 K = 0.999 g/mL

. What is the specific gravity of the mixture in °API?

Glucose syrup is heated to 75°C in a cylindrical stirred jacketed vessel. The vessel has an inner diameter of 1.3 m, height of 1.8 m, and is 70 % filled with Glucose syrup. The heating medium in the jacket is at 100°C and the initial temperature of the syrup is 30°C. The overall heat transfer coefficient is 300 W/m2 K. The density and heat capacity of the syrup are 1220 kg/m3 and 3.3 kJ/kg.K respectively.

a) Calculate the time to heat the glucose syrup from 30°C to 75°C.

b) What assumptions do you need to consider for these calculations and why?

Craig is setting up a fluidized bed in which a reaction will take place. The reactants are combined with compressed air to act as the fluid in the bed and the particles inside of the bed are catalysts for the reaction. Craig sets up an experiment to determine which particle size is most effective for his reactor. In experiment 1, Craig utilizes particles that are 1 mm in diameter. In experiment 2, Craig uses particles that are 5 mm in diameter. Craig finds that his reaction reaches completion much faster when the 5 mm diameter particles are used so he decides to go forward with utilizing the larger particles for his reactor. What is one (1) potential drawback of utilizing the larger particles over the smaller ones? (answer must relate to the operation of the fluidized bed)

You can assume that the total mass of the particle bed will be equivalent no matter the size of the particles, the particles have the same density and that the particles are priced the same per gram over all size ranges. The tube in which the fluidization takes place is the same for both particle types. Additionally, the bed must become fluidized to achieve best reaction results.

How does one calibrate a stopped-flow apparatus? How do we know whether or not to trust a measurement from the stopped-flow method?

A tank containing 100 kg of a 60% brine (60% salt) at 33°C is filled with a 10% salt solution (28°C) at the rate of 10 kg/min. The barometric pressure is 101.5 KPa. Solution is removed from the tank at the rate of 15 kg/min. Find the kilograms of salt in the tank after 10 min

1. A rocket turbine is driven by gases having specific heat ratio of 1.3 and specific heat of 1070 J/kg-K. The turbine entry stagnation conditions are 810 K and 2 MPa. If the discharge pressure from the turbine is 0.14 MPa, calculate its specific work. h_ts = 0.70.                  {Ans.: 2.78 (10⁵) J/kg}

Furfural may be obtained by the acid catalyzed dehydration of 5-carbon sugars (pentoses), particularly xylose.

C5H10O5→C5H4O2, +3 H2O

Estimate the theoretical yield (mass basis) of furfural from hemi-cellulose of a biomass, in m3/metric ton. Assume that the biomass contains 32% of hemicellulose, of which 90% is xylose,on mass basis.Please provide adequate details and procedures to explain your reasoning, assumptions. Furfural (C5H4O2,MW= 96.08 g/mol)

A liq mixture of benzene-toluene is to be distilled in a fractionating tower at 101.3 kPa pressure. The feed of 100 kg mol/h is liquid and it contains 45 mole % benzene and 55 mole % toluene and enters at 327.6 K (130 ◦F). A distillate containing 95 mole % benzene and 5 mole % toluene and a bottoms containing 10 mole % benzene and 90 mole % toluene are to be obtained. The average heat capacity of the feed is 159 kJ/ kg mol – K and the average latent heat 32099 kJ/ kg mol.

Calculate the following: (a) Minimum reflux ratio R_m· (b) Minimum number of theoretical plates at total reflux by using the graphical McCabe-Thiele Method. (c) Minimum number of theoretical plates at total reflux by using the Fenske eq.

The equilibrium and the vapor - pressure data are given below for the system benzene-toluene. Make a list of all the important assumptions you are making in your calculations. Note: All plots must be done either by using Excel or on a graph paper.