Question

1. Write the difference between a prokaryotic and a Eukaryotic cell based on the following criteria:


Criteria    Prokaryotic cell Eukaryotic Cell

Examples    ---------------------- -------------------
Nucleus -------------------- ---------------------

DNA / Chromosome ----------- -------------------------
  
Membrane enclosed cell organelles -----------------    ------------------
  
Endomembrane system --------------- -------------------

2.  Compare Gram positive and Gram negative bacterial cell wall based on the following Criteria:
Criteria    Gram (+) Cell Wall Gram (-) Cell wall
Peptidoglycan content ------------- -------------------
Teichoic acid    --------------------------- --------------------------
Lipid rich outer membrane -----------------    -----------------------------
Gram stain ----------------------------    ----------------------------------

3. . Write the differences between Passive Transport and active transport.
   Passive Transport Active Transport
Does it need ATP? ---------------------------    -----------------------------------
What is the direction of transport ( driving force)? --------------------------    ------------------------------
  
Transport through phospholipid/ protein / both    ----------------------------    -----------------------------------------
  
Examples    ------------------------------------ -------------------------------------------------

Answer 1

Criterion	Prokaryotic cell	Eukaryotic cell
Example	bacteria	Animal cell, plant cell
Nucleus	Well developed nucleus is absent calld as incipient nucleus without a nuclear membrane.	Well developed nucleus is present with the nuclear membrane.There is nucleolus within the nucleus for synthesising protein.
DNA/ chromosome	Chromosome is circular and one in number.	Eukaryotic DNA is tightly attached to the chromosome and is more than one in number and is linear.
Membrane bound organelles	Membrane bound organelles are absent.	Membrane bound organelle are present like endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus are present.
Endomembrane system	Single component of endomembrane system is present that is plasma membrane.ER ,golgi are absent in prokaryotic cell.	The endomembrane system consists of the membranes like that of golgi ,ER and lysosome and is involoved in packaging and transport of lipid and proteins.

Criterion	Gram positive	Gram negative
peptidoglycan content	Thick peptidoglycan content.It contains N-acetyl muramic acid and N acetyl amino sugars.	Thin peptidoglycan in the cell wall.
Teichoic acid	Techoic acid is present.	Techoic acid is absent.
Lipid rich outer membrane	No layer is present outside the peptidoglycan cell wall.	Lipid rich outermembrane is present which is present outside the peptidoglycan layer.It contains lipopolysaccharides.
Gram stain	Purple stained bacteria due to retention of crystal violet dye in the peptidoglycan layer.	Due to removal of stain from the thin peptidoglycan cell wall and is therefore counterstained with saffranine and appears red.

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