Question

1. What is hypopituitarism and how is it managed?

2. Compare and contrast the pathophysiology of Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone (SIADH) and Diabetes Insipidus (DI)

3. Discuss the pathophysiology of Graves disease and include signs and symptoms associated with this disorder.

4. Discuss the pathophysiology of congenital hypothyroidism and the therapeutic management

5. Discuss the therapeutic management of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)

please I need help with answering each of the questions above.

Answer 1

Hypopituitarism is a disorder related to pituitary gland. Certain hormones that are secreted from pituitary gland are very important for proper function of our body. When other glands of human body like thyroid gland and adrenal gland does not get the specific hormone from pituitary gland, it creates an hormonal imbalance in the body which can result in cholesterol, fat and even heart disease.

Though there is no specific cure but many hormonal replacement therapies like cortisol replacement therapy and thyroid hormone therapy are being performed to manage hypopituitarism. Certain hormone replacement medications like Cortef and Rayos are also used to replace the hormones that are not produced by the pituitary gland.

In Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone (SIADH), excessive antidiuretic hormone is produced by the body which helps the kidney to hold excess water. In contrast to this, diabetes Insipidus is a hormonal disorder in which body cannot hold water. As a result, a person urinates a lot and is thirsty all the time.

Graves disease is an autoimmune problem in which the body's immune system attacks the thyroid gland to secrete excess thyroid hormone in the body. This phenomenon is called hyperthyroidism and causes enlarged thyroid (in neck part). Other signs and symptoms include fatigue, palpitation, puffy eyes, anxiety, weight loss, hair loss, heat sensitivity and high blood pressure.

In case of congenital hypothyroidism, early diagnosis is necessary and relevant thyroid hormone replacement method should be administered. Levothyroxine is considered to be safe and effective for the treatment of hypothyroidism. Monitoring normal growth and proper neuropsychological development is crucial. Significant amount of iodine should be taken in diet and soy product should be avoided as they can interfere in the absorption of levothyroxine. This disorder is more common in children so they must be monitored time to time clinically.

The therapeutic management of diabetic ketoacidosis includes -

• Since in diabetic ketoacidosis, a person loses significant amount of fluid form the body, hence intravenous fluids are administered.
• Proper administration of electrolyte to balance the potassium loss as well as balancing acid-base in the body.
• Insulin therapy to correct the blood sugar level.