Question

26. How is HMO compared to PPO?

27. What is food insecurity?

28. Cause of food insecurity?

29. What is SNAP?

30. What is Infant mortality rate?

Answer 1

26) Health maintenance organizations (HMO) is a prepaid medical service plan that provides services to plan members. Preferred Provider Organizations (PPO) represent a managed care organisations of hospitals, physicians and other health care providers who have agreed insurer or a third party administrator to provide health care services at reduced rate to the insurer's or administrator's clients.

The difference between HMO and PPO plans includes the size of the plan network, ability to see specialist, plan cost and coverage for out of network services.

In HMO plan , healthcare providers are paid directly by the insurance company and the patients do not have to file a claim whereas in PPO plan, patients must sometime first pay out of network providers and then have to file a claim for reimbursement from the insurance company. With HMO plan, patients must choose from list of providers whereas in PPO plan, they prefer the clients to choose from the list of providers. In PPO plan, payment is higher if chosen from the list but in HMO plan, no payment is made if a provider is chosen that is not on the list. With HMO plan, client must have a Primary Care Physician (PCP) who monitor and coordinate all care but with PPO plan, no referral is necessary for other providers. With PPO plan, out of pocket generally limited whereas in HMO low out of pocket costs. With PPO plan, more paperwork and expenses than HMO. With PPO plan , it is more difficult to get specialized care but with HMO specialist care is provided or referred easily through Primary Care Physician.

27) The USDA defines Food Insecurity as a state in which " consistent access to adequate food is limited by a lack of money and other resources at time during the year". The larger the level of food insecurity, the less access there is to food and nourishment which can possibly cause health issues among those that are not good secure. It is the disruption of food intake or eating patterns due to lack of money and other resources.

28) Causes of food insecurity are as follows :-

a) Poverty :- It is the main cause of food insecurity. Families living in proverty cannot afford to keep nutritious food on table which can cause malnutrition and nutrition deficiency diseases especially in children.

b) Rapid Population Growth:- If their is rapid growth of population of a country then the people of that country are at increased risk of food crises.

c) Drought and other extreme weather events:- They resulted in poor or failed harvests which in turn resulted food scarcity and high prices of available food.