Question

1- Immune reaction – standard innate as well as specific humoral response appropriate to the Toxoplasma gondii pathogen

2- Epidemiology – where is it common, among whom, risk factors, vectors and reservoirs

3- Treatment – common resistances and alternative treatments – mechanism of action

Answer 1

1. Immune reaction: Innate response occurs when dendritic cellls and macrophageges phagocytose the paparasite.

While the specific humoral immunity starts by identification of glycophophatidylinositols by TLR 2 and TLR 4 molecules and prolifin like molecules by TLR 11 molecules of immune cells respectively. Then macrophages and dendritic cells release IL-12 to stimulate NK cells and T cells to release IFN - gamma.

2. EPIDEMIOLGY: It is common in warm and moist climates.

Can be found in Central,Southern Europe,SouthAmerica,Africa and Asia.

RISK FACTORS: Pet cats, cattle and babies of infected mother.

VECTORS AND RESORVOIRS: Cats, rats and cattle.

3. COMMON RESISTANCE: Sulfamide with Pyremethamine.

ALTERNATE TREATMENT: Taking foods like papaya, lemon juice, ginger, raw pumpkin seeds etc.

MECHANISM OF ACTION : The above drugs inhibit the enzyme dihydropteroate synthetase and dihydrofolate reductase helpful in in sysnthesis of foliate and replication. Thus parasite stops replication.