Question

discuss the general measures taken by the innate and adaptive immune cells in response to a virus.

Answer 1

In response to virus, the first measure taken by the body to recognize the virus particles is done by the innate immune reponse system.

Innate response system consist of the TLRs (Toll-Like receptors), RIGs (Retinoic acid inducible gene-I) and NLRs (NOD like rceptors). The TLRs and the RIGs are the main receptors so called as the pattern recognition receptors for the virus that detect the viral DNA or RNA. After the recognition of the virus they produce type-I interferons and cytokines, that act upon the virus particles to deactivate them. NLRs on the other hand produce mature interlekin-IB.

The adaptive immune reponse is the immune response conisting of the T cell and B cells that are not able to recognize the viral cells on their own. It is the Antigen Presenting Cells, that consist of the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC-I and MHC-II) molecules, that represent the viral antigens at their cell surface. It is at this point, when hey are being recognized by the T cells and B cells that release antibodies specific to the antigen, binding to them and neutralizing them.

MHC-I cells present antigens to the Cytotoxic T lymphocytes that in tuen release cytokines to induce immune response. MHC-II present antigens to the Hepler T cells and the B-cells.