Question

In: Civil Engineering

Principles of surveying

Explain in detail, the fundamental principles of surveying in civil engineering.

Solutions

Expert Solution

Surveying is the art of establishing points relative to another known points. For establishing points, there should be convenient and standard principles all over the world. Thus, the fundamental principles are set up. 

The first being the working from whole to part concept. For instance, if we have to assess a land given, we can either split into parts by establishing points near to the surveyor and then work to get the whole land mass surveyed, or it can be the other way. If we go by working from part to whole, the error induced will be so high that the setting up of the points  on the periphery becomes really difficult. Whereas if we work from whole to part, the errors will be less and easily identifiable.

Next is the point establishment using at least two measurements from a fixed reference points. Fixed reference point can be a benchmark or a point where we know the details beforehand. Measurement can be linear or angular. As we locate points over circle or any shape, we require at least two measurements for plotting a point. It can be either linear or angular. We can have 5 different ways to plot a point thus on land. 

Locating points

As it is seen in the figure, the first part shows the use of two linear measurements where as third part shows the use of two angular measurements. The second part depicts the use of bisection, i.e., angle 90 degrees and linear measurement for establishing a point. The fourth figure shows the use of included angle in establishing point and fifth one shows the use of linear measurement and opposite angle for establishing a point w.r.t a known line/points.


The fundamental principles of surveying include:
1. Working from whole to part

2. Locate a new point by at least two measurements from a fixed reference point

Related Solutions

resection surveying prove
resection surveying prove
A surveying team has to conduct a surveying assignment on a hot summer day. The area...
A surveying team has to conduct a surveying assignment on a hot summer day. The area where the survey is supposed to be conducted is in the vicinity of a busy metropolitan area with lots of traffic. Assume the surveying firm has the following tools: gunter’s chain, steel tape, EDM, Electronic theodolite and a total station. Which one of the instruments would be most suitable and what advantages does it have over other tools? Explain in terms of time, error...
Draw a sag curve. surveying class
Draw a sag curve. surveying class
List 5 important things to include in a surveying contract.
List 5 important things to include in a surveying contract.
To meet the tolerance required for a surveying project, it is necessary to use a total...
To meet the tolerance required for a surveying project, it is necessary to use a total station. An obstacle makes it impossible to obtain a direct line of sight. Explain one technique that you would use to establish the line of sight past the obstacle. Use a sketch if necessary (0.5 marks)
explain the uses and the components of total station and how it works in surveying ?
explain the uses and the components of total station and how it works in surveying ?
A sociologist is interested in surveying workers in computer-related jobs to estimate the proportion of such...
A sociologist is interested in surveying workers in computer-related jobs to estimate the proportion of such workers who have changed jobs within the past year. A)In the absence of preliminary data, how large a sample must be taken to ensure that a 95% confidence interval will specify the proportion to within ±0.02? Round up the answer to the nearest integer. Answer is not 2401 B) In a sample of 105 workers, 20 of them had changed jobs within the past...
A sociologist is interested in surveying workers in computer-related jobs to estimate the proportion of such...
A sociologist is interested in surveying workers in computer-related jobs to estimate the proportion of such workers who have changed the jobs within the past year. (a) In the absence of preliminary data, how large a sample must be taken to ensure that a 99% confidence interval will specify the proportion to within ±0.05? (b) Is the sample size obtained in (a) large enough to ensure that a 95% confidence interval will specify the proportion to within ±0.05? Explain. (c)...
what is QGIS software ? what are the uses of QGIS software in surveying how it...
what is QGIS software ? what are the uses of QGIS software in surveying how it used give one example in detail ? i need an explannation about QGIS features uses and one example ?
After surveying students at a​ college, a campus organization calculated that a​ 95% confidence interval for...
After surveying students at a​ college, a campus organization calculated that a​ 95% confidence interval for the mean cost of food for one term is​ ($1372, $1562). Now the organization is trying to write its report and is considering the following interpretations. Comment on each. Complete parts a through e below. a) 95% of all students pay between​ $1372 and​ $1562 for food. Comment on the given interpretation. Choose the correct answer below. A. The interpretation is incorrect. A confidence...
ADVERTISEMENT
ADVERTISEMENT
ADVERTISEMENT