Explain concisely the physical meaning of total stress, pore water pressure and effective stress

2) What is “NFPA 704 hazard diamond”? Provide the image, and explain briefly.

An I-section joist 450 mm x 250 mm x 20 mm is used as a strut with one end fixed and the other end free carrying a buckling load of 200 × 106 N. Suggest the changes to be made in the length of the strut for a constant flexural rigidity by considering both the ends to be hinged, both the ends to be fixed and one end fixed but the other end hinged. Compare the values of the safe buckling load for all end conditions. Given modulus of elasticity of the material, E = 210 GPa and consider factor of safety = 5.
If the least radius of gyration of the column was found to be 25.96 mm, determine the values for the slenderness ratio for all four end conditions of the column. State and verify the validity of the Euler’s column theory based on the slenderness ratio for all the four end conditions.

What factors must be considered and what limitations exist for the following loops

Slinky:

Pond:

Horizontal:

Vertical:

A section of a multilane highway is to be reconstructed to improve the level of service. The section being considered is on a 5.0% upgrade that is 3/4 mile long. The highway currently has 4-lanes (2 in each direction – all are 12-ft lanes) with a two-way left-turn lane in the middle and 4 foot shoulders on the right side. It is to be reconstructed into a 6-lane facility (3-lanes in each direction) undivided facility but, due to commercial development surrounding the highway, must remain in the current 72 foot right of way. There are currently 35 access points per mile and the free flow speed is determined to be 50 mi/h. It is known that the road currently operates at capacity with 420 trucks/buses (no recreational vehicles) during the peak hour, a peak hour factor of 0.95 and all-commuter traffic.

The redesign is to reduce the number of access points per mile to 10 and to reduce the grade to 4.0% for 3/4 mile. It is estimated that the new design will increase traffic by 13%.

1. Determine the lane width and shoulder width combination that will maximize capacity given that the 3 lanes (each direction) must fit within 36ft?
2. For the maximum-capacity lane/shoulder combination chosen above, determine the new design's level of service and density.

During construction, field tests were conducted to assess the suitability of the column to
withstand a safe buckling load of 2.5 kN assuming a factor of safety 4 using two different hollow
columns made up of steel and concrete. Both columns have same cross section but varying length
and different support conditions. Steel column of length 3 m having external diameter 40 mm was
tested with one end fixed and the other end hinged, when subjected to a compressive stress of
0.0045 MN/cm2 shortens by 3.6 mm.
If the concrete column was tested under similar loading conditions with one end fixed and other
end free considering modulus of elasticity of concrete equal to 128 GPa, what will be the
corresponding length of the column required? As a design engineer how do you choose the values
for the thickness of both columns and the length of the concrete column? What will be your
interpretations regarding the relationship between the support conditions and the buckling load
based on the test results?

Results obtained from a tension test on a bar of uniform cross section 10 mm x 10 mm
subjected to an axial pull of 8000 N were tabulated. The lateral dimensions of the bar were found
to be changed to 9.9985 mm x 9.9985 mm while using a material having modulus of rigidity equal
to 0.8 x 107 N/cm2. By determining the values for different moduli, identify the properties of
material and establish the relationship between them. What changes will happen to the volume if
the length of the bar is equal to 2.5 m? Based on the results obtained discuss how the elastic
constants are related to the deformation of the bar?

There is a project with three activites planned for a year (Units are in Rial)

• ‘Activity A’ with a planned cost of 2100,
• ‘Activity B’ with a planned cost of 1500 and
• ‘Activity C’ with a planned cost of 2500.
• Activity A turned out to be more expensive (with an additional 300).
• ‘Activity B’ was done as budgeted.
• ‘Activity C’ is not finished within the year, and only 1500 was spent on it.
• An additional activity ‘Activity D’ was needed and performed with a cost of 500.
What is the cost variance for the given year?Also write a detailed conclusion on the
cost performance

Apple LLC decides that it is going to bid on some government work. All contractors must post a bid bond when bidding on government work. Apple bids on the government work and wins. Apple posts a payment bond, as per the contract, and starts to work. After about 2 years into the job, Apple walks off the job, which was left uncompleted. Can the government collect the bond?

1. Yes, the government can collect on the bid bond that Apple took out

2. No, there is no bond available here that the government could collect on

3. No, the surety must be given the chance to mitigate their losses first

4. Yes, Apple guaranteed its work.

QUESTION 1

Construction professionals who came from various specialty are brought together for a specific construction project and then disbanded once construction is complete.

• Student to draw diagram of construction team/ building team in correct order for a big project.
• Indicate tiers and arrows based on their hierarchy in a big project, and their relationship with one another.
• Explain briefly each of their roles.

QUESTION 2

Site Preparation is the first step taken to start a new project to ensure the ground is safe to undertake construction works.

• Student to list activities of site preparation involved, in sequence.
• Support your answer with images for each steps that is on the list.
• Identify appropriate tools used on site in order to complete each site preparation task in the list.
• Briefly explain each steps for site preparation activity.

QUESTION 3

Common building components are super structures and sub structures that was classified based on occupancy and structure, design loads, common building components, their function and nominal dimensions.

TASK

• Student to sketch building components for a post and beam construction. Building components to be drawn are as follows:

o Pad or raft foundation component o Column and beam component o Flooring component o Opening (door and window) component o Wall component o Roof component

• Label the components accordingly.
• Describe the components briefly.

QUESTION 4

Building construction is an ancient human activity. It began with the purely functional need for a controlled environment to moderate the effects of climate. Constructed shelters were one means by which human being were able to adapt themselves to a wide variety of climates and become global species.

TASK

• Student to draw a section of a two-storey house suited for a tropical climate like Malaysia.
• Section should indicate elements listed below:

o Substructure – foundation o Superstructure – floor, column, beam, ceiling and roof o Components – window and door

• Equip your sectional drawing with correct construction symbol.
• Proposed material used for each elements that is suited for Malaysian climate