Environmental Engineering

Water Treatment.

Question 1:

Aeration is particularly utilized to supply oxygen in water treatment.

a) How much oxygen is required for drinking water?

b) How do the impurities (pollutants or other ions) in water affect aeration efficiency?

Question 2:  

A) How do you classify the settling types? Explain briefly.

B) Explain use of sedimentation units in water treatment (i.e. before or after which processes is sedimentation required).

A 12-inch diameter cast iron pipe conveys 1500 gpm of liquid at an industrial facility. At one point in the pipe, call it point A, a gage indicates that the pressure is 45 psi. Another point in the pipe, call it point B, is 175 ft downstream of point A (measured along the pipe). (a) Determine the head loss (ft) between points A and B if the liquid is: (i) SAE 30 oil at 60°F; (ii) water at 60°F. (b) Determine the pressure at point B, for both liquids, in the following cases: (i) point A is 18 ft higher than point B, (ii) point A is at the same elevation as point B, (iii) point A is 18 ft lower than point B.

Water flows between two reservoirs through 800 ft of 12-inch diameter welded-steel pipe. The water surface elevation difference between the two reservoirs is 16 ft. Find the flowrate (a) assuming head loss is only due to pipe friction, and (b) Accounting for both friction losses and minor losses due to a flush square-edged pipe entrance, the pipe exit, and a half-open gate valve in the line. Assume the water temperature is 60°F.

A 12-inch diameter cast iron pipe conveys 1500 gpm of liquid at an industrial facility. At one point in the pipe, call it point A, a gage indicates that the pressure is 45 psi. Another point in the pipe, call it point B, is 175 ft downstream of point A (measured along the pipe). (a) Determine the head loss (ft) between points A and B if the liquid is: (i) SAE 30 oil at 60°F; (ii) water at 60°F. (b) Determine the pressure at point B, for both liquids, in the following cases: (i) point A is 18 ft higher than point B, (ii) point A is at the same elevation as point B, (iii) point A is 18 ft lower than point B.

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A 12-inch diameter cast iron pipe conveys 1500 gpm of liquid at an industrial facility. At one point in the pipe, call it point A, a gage indicates that the pressure is 45 psi. Another point in the pipe, call it point B, is 175 ft downstream of point A (measured along the pipe). (a) Determine the head loss (ft) between points A and B if the liquid is: (i) SAE 30 oil at 60°F; (ii) water at 60°F.  (b) Determine the pressure at point B, for both liquids, in the following cases: (i) point A is 18 ft higher than point B, (ii) point A is at the same elevation as point B, (iii) point A is 18 ft lower than point B.

3) The centre-line of a new railway is to be set out along a valley. The first straight AI bears 75°, whilst the connecting straight IB bears 120°. Due to site conditions it has been decided to join the straights with a simple curve of 500 m radius. Calculate necessary elements for designing the curve if the station of the intersection point I is (325+6.7).

1. In your own language outline the material quality controls for the construction of a complex infrastructure project.

2.Determine the constructability of a two-story CMU wall of wind load 30 ibf/ft² with allowable stress 40 ibf/in2. The wall is 10 feet height of each floor and the section modulus is 160 in³/ft?

3. An office has a floor area of 2000 ft² and maximum occupants are 40. Cool air is supplied from ceiling diffusers. If the efficiency is 1, determine how much air ventilation requires as per ASHRAE

4. Determine the additional scope of work for a change order of concrete work of 210x150 size one story building of an ongoing mega project. Assume SOF is 14” and building height is 12’?

You have a symmetrical sag vertical curve of Length = 6 stations. The entering tangent from the left has a gradient of –6% and the exiting tangent has a gradient of +4%. The VPC Station has an elevation of 250.00 feet (which will be your C-Value) and its station distance is measured to be at 40+00 stations. You will now do the following:

Find the elevation and station of the VPI.

Find the elevation and station of the VPT

Find the elevations on the curve at every station from the VPC, ending at the VPT.

Confirm the station elevation at the VPT comparing the value you obtained from your curve computation with the value you obtained from the tangent gradient computation. Find the elevation and station of the low point on the curve.
If this is not possible, use your long form calculations with statements with what you are doing. JUST DON’T GIVE ME A BUNCH OF NUMBERS I CAN’T FOLLOW. Use a sheet of paper to you draw the diagram that will help you to follow through your calculations.  

What would be the difference in stopping sight distance for two vehicles, each travelling at 65 mph, (same tire conditions and road conditions) if one is going up a 6% grade and the other going down a 6% grade?  

A stream has a temperature of 20 degrees C, a velocity of 0.5 m/s, a flow rate of 3.0 m³/s, depth of 3.0 m, saturation dissolved oxygen (DO = 9.07 mg/L), and BODu = 5 mg/L. Assume the deoxygenation constant (k) = 0.24 d^-1. Wastewater discharge flows into the stream at 0.6 m³/s and temperature of 20 degrees C, and the DO is 8.1 mg/L. The lowest DO downstream is 4.0 mg/L and it occurs at a distance of 20 km. (Assume reaeration rate, (k)₂ = 0.30 d^-1)

What is the DO concentration in the wastewater discharge (mg/L)?

What is the BODu in the wastewater discharge (mg/L)?

1. A freeway has the following characteristics:
   • 6 lanes, 3 in each direction
   • 13’ lanes
   • 8’ right side lateral clearance
   • Total of 4 ramps in the 3 miles upstream and 3 miles downstream of the midpoint of the facility
   • 2% upgrade for 1.5 miles
   • Urban facility with 50% delivery trucks and 50% freight trucks
   • 8% trucks
   • 3,400 veh/hr in the analysis direction in the peak hour
   • 955 vehicles in the peak 15-minute time period

1. (3)  What is the free flow speed of the facility?

2. (3)  What is the passenger car equivalent flow rate?

3. (3)  What is the estimated operating speed of the facility?

4. (2)  What is the density of the facility?

5. (2)  What is the LOS of the facility?

6. (2)  Describe what the LOS indicates about how well the facility is operating?

Differentiate between “tertiary treatment” and “advanced wastewater treatment”. How would you select a certain treatment system and what are the influencing factors?

Draw a schematic of a tertiary biological wastewater treatment plant with individual process unit operations and processes and identify the sources of sludge. Describe their characteristics and possible treatment and management options.