Compare and contrast the concepts of gender, gender role, and
gender typing in psychology. Be sure...
Compare and contrast the concepts of gender, gender role, and
gender typing in psychology. Be sure to use academic language.
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Our belief that 'girls wear dresses but boys do not' is an idea
that has not always been true in every culture and timeframe. The
same can be said for other beliefs we hold about the two
sexes.
These ideas and beliefs make up a concept called gender. Gender
goes beyond biological sex and focuses on characteristics such as
our social identity, behaviors and preferences, including what we
wear and how we act.
Gender refers to the socially-constructed roles of and
relationships between men and women. Gender concerns men and women,
including conceptions of both femininity and masculinity.
Gender roles include the different behaviors expected of males
or females by a particular culture. They are based on cultural
norms, or expectations for how we should behave.For example,women
are responsible to be home caretakers and men adopt the role of
breadwinners.
Gender roles are cultural and personal. They determine how
males and females should think, speak, dress, and interact within
the context of society. Learning plays a role in this process of
shaping gender roles.
These gender schemas are deeply embedded cognitive frameworks
regarding what defines masculine and feminine.
While various socializing agents—parents, teachers, peers,
movies, television, music, books, and religion—teach and reinforce
gender roles throughout the lifespan, parents probably exert the
greatest influence, especially on their very young offspring.
Traditionally, fathers teach boys how to fix and build things;
mothers teach girls how to cook, sew, and keep house. Children then
receive parental approval when they conform to gender expectations
and adopt culturally accepted and conventional roles.
All of this is reinforced by additional socializing agents,
such as the media. In other words, learning gender roles always
occurs within a social context, the values of the parents and
society being passed along to the children of successive
generations.
Gender typing is the process by which a child becomes aware of
their gender and thus behaves accordingly by adopting values and
attributes of members of the sex that they identify as their
own.
As children get older they learn about themselves, who they
are, how they are "supposed to act", and what is appropriate
gender-specific behavior. Gender typing is when children acquire
these masculine and/or feminine roles and identify with these
roles.
Therefore, gender typing is how a child attributes his or
herself with a gender. Whichever gender it is may be the same as
the biological sex that the child was born with. For example, a
male child may attribute himself to the male gender by growing up
and wanting to be the stereotypical man. Because of society, the
child may play with trucks and avoid societally dictated “girly”
toys when growing up.
Gender typing is when the child adopts behaviors, values, or
characteristics of others that he or she believes are part of his
or her gender. So that little boy will look at other men around him
and copy the behavior. In society he sees that the men around him
go hunting; therefore, the boy may have the urge to go
hunting.
Gender typing is very dependent on societal dictations, meaning
that if it is widely accepted that girls play with dolls, then many
girls will play with dolls as children to define their
femininity.
Another part of gender typing is from the perspective of an
outsider looking in. Gender typing is also the expectations of an
individual about another person’s gender and identity.
For example, when baby showers are thrown there are certain
color designations for each gender. These are called schemas, which
as concepts that are usually general and overarching that help
children make sense of the world.
The expectation is one that is very common in society, and when
the expectation is not followed, then there are questions from
other people about why the custom was not followed.
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