Question 1:

Answer the following questions related to AVR Timer/counter:

1. Write an AVR program that flashes an LED (PC0) every 6 ms using CPU clock frequency of 32 kHz and TIMER0. Use Timer/Counter0 Overflow Flag (TOV0) in your code.
2. Write an AVR program that flashes an LED (PC0) every 2 seconds using XTAL clock frequency of 16MHz and Timer1. Use Timer/Counter1 Overflow Flag (TOV1) in your code.

Activity description

A program must be carried out in MATLAB or OCTAVE that acquires and analyzes (continuously or online) the voice signal that is acquired from the sound card of the PC (microphone input) or a signal that is acquired with an acquisition card of data (ex. NI DAQCard).

The program must continuously perform the functions: signal acquisition, spectral analysis of the acquired signal, graphs in the time domain and graphs in the frequency domain (magnitude and phase spectrum).

The program should display the following graphs:

1) Original signal in the time domain

2) Original signal in the frequency domain (magnitude and phase)

Program 1: Initially do not acquire the signal from the PC sound card, instead create a synthetic signal in the MATLAB workspace, for example a signal composed of the sum of two or more sinusoids of different amplitude, frequency and phase . The signal must be visualized in time (oscillations) and the frequency analysis (magnitude spectrum) must show the presence of the original frequencies. It is important to assume a certain sampling frequency and a duration of the synthetic signal.

Program 2: After this works, start with a static version of the voice signal analyzer (ie the input signal is only a defined time window, for example three seconds), i.e. program 2 is an improved version of program version 1 where instead of a synthetic signal the signal that is acquired with the sound card is used in a time range of for example 3s. Note that this frequency is acquired at a certain sampling frequency. Finally, make the necessary adaptations and changes to the version 1 program so that it works online or continuously.

Questions to answer:
1) What is the analysis in the frequency domain of a signal? What differences exist with respect to time domain
2) What is the FFT?
3) What type of signals (continuous or discrete) are being used in the program? Explain your answer.
4) Explain what the frequency spectrum of a signal is (remember that the frequency spectrum is two graphs).
5) According to the project, generally what type of signals do we find in nature (continuous or discrete) and what type of signals do computer systems use (continuous or discrete)?

Perform circuit analysis for an Open Wye – Open Delta connection, assuming a purely resistive load. Find real and reactive powers from both transformers and find the rating of this connection with respect to the full bank of three transformers.

Given E = 12ρzcosφ aρ − 6ρzsinφ aφ + 6ρ^2

cosφ az.

a. Determine if E is a conservative vector function.

b. Calculate the charge density at P(-2, 0, -1)cart.

The important of solar energy, benefits can you get using solar energy, how is the process using the solar panels to produce energy and list the advantage and the disadvantage of it.

If possible, write neatly and explain its physical meaning, thank you.

Discuss the transmission and reflection of electromagnetic wave from a lossless medium to a lossy medium, normal incidence.

Implement on Tinkercad  AVR Atmega 32 Timer 0 Prescaler 1024 Delay 10ms

• You must be able to set an arbitrary delay (in milliseconds) using your own function, mimicking the behavior of delay().
• You must be able to turn on and off an LED attached to pin 13. Each second you must toggle the state of the LED.

You need to implement the following functions:

need show calculations pulse count = Required Delay/Clock Period

• void delay_one_ms(): This function uses Timer0 to implement a one millisecond delay. Follow the steps below to get this function working properly:

  • Choose a prescaler for the desired delay
  • Disable the I-Flag in the SREG. Alternatively, save a copy of SREG to restore later.
  • Set the proper value in TCNT0.
  • Set Timer0 to Normal Mode.
  • Set the prescaler bits.
  • Wait until the overflow flag TOV0 is set.
  • Stop the clock.
  • Clear the TOV0 flag by setting it.
  • Restore the interrupts by setting the I-Flag in the SREG. Or load SREG from the copy you made before.

#include

void delay_one_ms() {
//use timer0 to implement 1 ms delay
}

void delay_generic(unsigned long ms)
{

//do something here with delay ms
for (int i = 0; i delay_one_ms();
}
  
}

void setup()
{
pinMode(13, OUTPUT);
}

void loop()
{
digitalWrite(13, HIGH);
delay(1000); // Wait for 1000 millisecond(s)
//delay_generic(1000);
digitalWrite(13, LOW);
delay(1000); // Wait for 1000 millisecond(s)
}

Discuss three differences between Amplifiers and Repeaters (noise behavior,
performance, complexity and upgradeability)
b) Discuss the different types of Dispersion that occur in a multi-mode fiber.
c) Explain what Optical Time Division Multiplexing is.
d) What is the difference between multi-mode and single-mode fibers (structure and
usage)?
e) Is the Mach-Zehnder Interferometer an Optical or Electrical component?

design 4 bit four way traffic light signal by using j k flip flop and 555 timer ic state equation and k map and also schematic diagram.

Design an experiment setup for determination the time constant of a thermistor?

Perform the following tasks of dc-dc Buck converter.

1). Provide matlab code for DC-DC buck converter

2). Mathematical Analysis of fourier series and filters to remove harmonics

5. Discuss briefly about Streaming audio and streaming video method in multimedia data transmission.                                                                                                          

Demonstrate in Multisim a full wave bridge rectification which produces a negative voltage at the output. With input voltage set as 10sin(80*pi*t). Take RL=5.7kΩ. Show the desired output in oscilloscope with proper scaling. Also perform filtration with capacitor having the value 50 uF.