Question

4. Through the process of sensory transduction, we change incoming sensory information into messages that our brain can process. Two cell types that transduce information are Pacinian corpuscles and Inner Hair Cells.

(a) What type of sensory information are each of these cells sensitive to (be more specific than touch and hearing)?

(b) List and describe two aspects of the process of sensory transduction that are similar across these cell types

(c) List and describe two aspects of the process of sensory transduction that are different across these cell types. Note: Similarities cannot include 1) the fact that both transduce information. Differences cannot include 1) a restatement of the different types of energy that are processed, 2) that these are in different sensory organs.

5. Action potentials are an all-or-none signal, yet our neurons must code for complex sensory information. Please list and describe two methods by which neurons code for incoming sensory information. In your description, you must relate the coding methods to actual theories of how we process information from one or more of our sensory systems.

Answer 1

4 ans -Sensory Transduction is a process by which sensory signal are converted into sensory neuron as whole process largerly depends on the receptors which are dependent on stimuli.

a)ans - Type of Sensory information obtained from Pacinian corpuscles

Pacinian corpuscles are known as mechanorecptor cell present in glabrous skin of mammals, which are completely skin responsible for vibration and pressure sensitivity.Has Respond to disturbances as well as sensitive to vibration with low frequency of sound.Pacinian corpuscles can detect deformation present in corpuscle which causes action potential by creating pressure sensitive called as sodium ion channels present in axon membrane.

Type of Sensory information obtained from Inner hair cells

Inner hair cells are consider as sensory receptors with auditory as well as vestibular system present in ears, aslo known as sensory cells of Chochlea. They are involved in transformation of sound vibration in fluid which is present cochlea via electric signal with the hep of auditory nerve to auditory cortex.Inner hair cell signal adaption - play imprtant role in ampplification of signals via clacium ion flux which involves adaptation mechanism allowing the slow adatation folllowed by sensitize transduction channels and signal transduction with the help of motor proteim myosin 1c.

b)ans - Two aspects of the process of sensory transduction that are similar across these cell types are as follows -
Both Pacinian corpuscles and Inner Hair Cells are Known as Mechanoreceptor i.e mechanical pressure or distortion generated can be detected and responded by sensory neuron.
Cutaneous mechanorecptors has ability to respond to mechanical stimuli which is generated by physical interaction such as vibration and pressure .
By rate of adaptaion - Mechanoreceptor respond to stimuli and creates aaction potential which monitors the frequency at normal rate.
Receptive field and sensation can also be detected ,analysed and responded by mechanorecptors.

c)ans - Pacinian Corpuscles detects the sensation and mediates the vibration.
Also genrates rapidly adapting phasic responses such as When stimulus is mediated receptors stop after firing for a while. High and intensity frequency -Neural firing rate to stimulus amplitude and intensity which gives characteristics via amplitude frequency i.e stimulus as well as receptor respond to stimulus frequency.

Inner hair cells stiuated near to modiolus are consider as promary sound receptors which respond to movement which are shear of tectorial mebrane.
Primary VIIIth Afferents mediated respond to central snervous system through spiral ganlion.
Regrowth of cochlear - Research have be conducted which insures sucessful medical treatment in hearing loss as hair cells in auditory and vestibular system present in bird and fish found to determin that it can be regernerate the ability of damaged cells.Also via stem cell therapy and gene therapy.

5 ans -Two methods by which neurons code for incoming sensory information are as follows -

Neural coding is a process of charcterization of hypothetical relationship between stimulus as well as neural responses of individual and relationship between electrical activity of neurons.

Rate coding - Neural firing of communication states are determined by the intensity of a frequency ,stimulus and rate of action potential.Information is collected and recored by stimulus generated by firing rate of neurons same when as we smell the aroma of flowers via olafactory responses.
Neural responses in motor aand cognitive decision making - Electrophysiologically properties are measured and analysed by the neural coding.For example - In a expirement ,monkey chooses banana rather than water due to various responses generatted by sensory system between each trail same as we do while eating or choosing our favourite ice cream which ic determined by motor and cognitive decisions made by the neural coding.