Question

what are the key features of our innate immune cells and microbes that are associated with its broad specificity

Answer 1

Answer-

• The mammalian immune system has evolved an extremely-diverse array of specialized cells and soluble molecules that allow it to defend against a variety of pathogens, including bacteria, protists, fungi, and other infectious organisms.
• The innate immune response serves as a general defense against all pathogens, but has no capacity to adapt or learn when new pathogens attack.
• The adaptive immune response has a “memory” about previously encountered pathogens and is able to mount pathogen-specific defenses based on this memory
• Microbes associated with immune system broad specificity----------
• In mammals, phagocytosis is essential for a variety of biological events, including tissue remodeling and the continuous clearance of dying cells. Furthermore, phagocytosis represents an early and crucial event in triggering host defenses against invading pathogens, which is the focus of this commentary. Phagocytosis comprises a series of events, starting with the binding and recognition of particles by cell surface receptors, followed by the formation of actin-rich membrane extensions around the particle. Fusion of the membrane extensions results in phagosome formation, which precedes phagosome maturation into a phagolysosome. Pathogens inside the phagolysosome are destroyed by lowered pH, hydrolysis, and radical attack. As a result of this process, pathogen-derived molecules can be presented at the cell surface (antigen presentation), allowing the induction of acquired immunity . These early events that are mediated by the innate immune system are critical for host survival. Here we discuss new insights into how broad classes of microbial substructures are recognized by molecules of the innate immune system that are shared by many species, and the interspecies receptor diversity that has evolved to match distinct species-specific environmental challenges.