Question

1. Cells involved in innate and adapted immunity produce cytokines capable of orchestrating the immune response. Do the cytokines cotnribute to disease progreesion? Please explain briefly.

2. What do AIDS and HIV stand for? Please explain the life cycle of HIV?

Answer 1

Cytokines are produced by T cells, Macrophage, Platelets, Endothelial cells during inflammation. Increased quantity of pro-inflammatory cytokines are related with disease progression.

HIV is the Human Immuno deficiency virus while AIDS stands for Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome.

Life cycle of HIV :

1- Binding- HIV binds to the receptor present on the surface of CD4 cells which is also called docking.

2- Fusion- HIV cell envelope and CD4 cell membrane fuses which is also called endocytosis.

3- Reverse transcription - HIV RNA get converted into HIV DNA with the help of reverse transcriptase.

4- Integration- HIV virus releases integrase inside of the nucleus of CD4 so that the genetic material of virus get integrated with the CD4 genetic material.

5- Replication & Translation- HIV uses the CD4 cell machinary to produce long chain protein.

6- Assembly- HIV RNA and HIV protein get assembled to form immature HIV

7- Budding- newly form HIV exits out by budding and releasing the protease which breaks up the long protein chains

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