Question

a. The current roles of managers are changing in recent times, with a lot of

managers taking on different roles, choose your immediate past secondary and

or second cycle institution you attended and AIT and compare the roles

performed by managers in these two institutions, and outline the differences

stating reasons for the identified differences.

b. In the bid to curb the ongoing pandemic, Covid 19, you have been tasked to

present ways through which the government can determine the mode of spread

of the disease and the likely cost to be incurred, what type of decision making

would be suitable for this task and explain three methods through which you

would assess the spread as applicable in management.

c. To provide a long-term solution, explain the types of the decision to be taken

at each level and key personnel from the government point of view who is to

be part of such a decision and explain your reason.

Answer 1

a. The current roles of managers are changing in recent times, with a lot of managers taking on different roles, choose your immediate past secondary and or second cycle institution you attended and AIT and compare the roles performed by managers in these two institutions, and outline the differences stating reasons for the identified differences

Manager -1(institution-1)

• He used an autocratic style of management.
• Make all of the decisions in the workplace.
• Communication with this manager was one way, top-down to the employees
• Employee ideas and contributions are not encouraged or considered.
• Roles and tasks are clearly defined by him, and workers are expected to follow these directions without question while being consistently checked and supervised.
• All decisions are made by the manager and employees are expected to be compliant leaving little room for variation or confusion. Decision-making speed is ideal and is not slowed by conflicting thought or agendas.
• Decisions are made in the best interest of the employees and the manager explains these decisions and the importance of them to the employees

Manager-2(institution-2)

• He was a democratic type of manager
• Managers reaching decisions with the input of the employees but being responsible for making the final decision
• Employee ideas and contributions are encouraged, but not necessary. Communication is both top-down and bottom-up and makes for a cohesive team.
• Collaborative style communicated extensively with employees and make decisions by the majority
• The manager believes that involving everyone and making the team take ownership will result in the best decisions made.
• The majority decision is not the best decision for the business entity, in which case, the manager should take control of the final choice.

b. In the bid to curb the ongoing pandemic, Covid 19, you have been tasked to present ways through which the government can determine the mode of spread of the disease and the likely cost to be incurred, what type of decision making would be suitable for this task and explain three methods through which you would assess the spread as applicable in management.

The new coronavirus continues to spread around the world, prompting governments to step up efforts to contain the spread of the disease it causes, offically known as COVID-19.The coronavirus - known as COVID-19 - spreads from person to person in close proximity, similar to other respiratory illnesses, such as the flu.Droplets of bodily fluids - such as saliva or mucus - from an infected person are dispersed in the air or on surfaces by coughing or sneezing.These droplets can come into direct contact with other people or can infect those who pick them up by touching infected surfaces and then their face.According to scientists, coughs and sneezes can travel several feet and stay suspended in the air for up to 10 minutes.

Methods to determine the mode of spread

1) Community transmission mainly (or closed settings)

Cases and close contactsin the general population or can be restricted to close settings(like households, health care settings, schools).

protocol:The First Few COVID-19 X cases and contacts transmission investigation protocol (FFX)

• clinical presentation of COVID-19 infection and course of associated disease;
• secondary infection rate (SIR) and secondary clinical attack rate of COVID-19 infection among close contacts (overall, and by key factors such as setting, age and sex, for various end-points);
• serial interval of COVID-19 infection;
• symptomatic proportion of COVID-19 cases (through contact tracing and laboratory testing); and identification of possible routes of transmission.

2)Health facilities transmission

For health workersin a health-care setting in which a confirmed case has received care

protocol:Assessment of COVID-19 risk factors among Health workers (HW) protocol

• To better understand the extent of human-to-human transmission among health care workers, by estimating the secondary infection rate1 for health care worker contacts at an individual level.
• To characterize the range of clinical presentation of infection and the risk factors for infection among health care workers.
• To evaluate effectiveness of infection prevention and control measures among health care workers

3)Surface contamination and transmission

For environmental surfaces

protocol:Surface sampling of COVID19: A practical “how to” protocol for health care and public health professionals

• to assess the extent and persistence of surface contamination with COVID-19
• To identify environmental surfaces which may play a role in onwards transmission of COVID-19

c. To provide a long-term solution, explain the types of the decision to be taken at each level and key personnel from the government point of view who is to be part of such a decision and explain your reason.

An execitive type of decision should be taken by the government.The key persons to be involved in the decision making starting from the prime minister/president of the country,central health minister,central health secretary,chief ministers of the state,national defence advisor,health ministers of the state,chief secretaries of the staTe etc.It is a very important decisions like lock down of the country for several days to restrict the spread of the virus.so a multidisciplinary committe should involve in the process with the direction of the president/prime minister of the country.