1) Distinguish between blood flow rate and blood flow velocity. When an expert in the field uses the term blood flow, does that term usually mean rate or velocity?

2) Explain why a heart can keep beating after it has been removed from a living body.

What does it mean when we say microbes are ubiquitous?

Why do we incubate plates upside down?

How do we practice aseptic technique in the work area?

Why does an increased breathing rate accompany exercise? Why does an increased heart rate and blood pressure accompany exercise? What do both of these achieve? (Look at your second parameter(What is the second parameter? ) that did not change very much over time)

Months after the accident, your amputee uncle's phantom limb pain subsides. One afternoon he is sleeping and you see a fly walk across his upper lip. He wakes up and tells you he just had the funniest feeling. It was as if someone was touching his missing index finger. You decide to experiment with your uncle and you blindfold him. As you touch his cheek he tells you that you are touching his cheek and his missing thumb! As you move around his face you map out his fingers and forearm on his face. Hypothesize how this could be possible.

Post-translational modification of proteins in the brain results in the development of neurodegenerative disease (ND). Which of the following proteins is NOT typically implicated in ND?

a) Actin

b) α-synuclein

c) SOD1

d) β-amyloid

e) HSP

Which of the following may arise from oxidative stress-mediated cancer pathogenesis?

a) all of the above arise from oxidative stress-mediated cancer development

b) inflammation

c) signal transduction-mediated metastasis

d) genomic instability

e) mitochondrial dysfunction

What are the differences between smooth and skeletal muscle excitation-contraction dynamics (focus on Ca2+),

Also, what are the specific receptors, kinases, and pumps involved in each?

Which of the following statements is not true about intrinsic pathway of apoptosis:

a) Cytochrome c release into the cytosol leads to METC uncoupling and superoxide production

b) Activation of death receptors by ligands

c) Activates initiator and executioner caspases

d) Involves cytochrome c release after oxidative insult

e) Apoptosome could induce caspase-9 dimerization

1，Strangely, within the ________ society, we see inequality begin to diminish primarily because most people own the common items that are indicators one uses to compare themselves to others.

a. hunting and gathering b. horticultural c. agricultural d. industrial e. none of the above

2， Within the ________ society, towns and cities become a common development.
a. hunting and gathering b. horticultural c. agricultural d. industrial e. none of the above

Case 1

A 7-year-old boy has a 2-day history of severe headache, nausea, fever, and photophobia. He appears lethargic and ill. His temperature is 40^oC, and he has some nuchal rigidity. The most likely diagnosis in this case is bacterial meningitis.

In order to find the causative agent, a lumbar puncture is requested by the physician. Laboratory analysis confirms bacterial growth in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Appropriate antibiotic therapy is administered and the patient recovers without any complications.

1. Where along the vertebral column is the needle typically inserted in order to perform a lumbar puncture? Provide an anatomical explanation for your answer.  

2. Explain why the needle is inserted in the median plane.

3. Following the procedure, the patient complains of a severe headache. Explain the possible causes for this complication.

4. Identify the most common causative organisms of meningitis.

5. Explain the various anatomical pathways of the bacteria from the external environment to the CSF inside the brain ventricles.  

6. Outline two reasons for the boy’s nausea, and photophobia.

7. Explain the structures, site of production and pattern of circulation of CSF throughout the brain.

Reference APA style

1. Compare the anatomy of the dorsal column system and the anterolateral system and the way that information in each system reaches the cortex. What types of sensation does each carry? Where are the primary afferent neurons located? Where are the tracts and what are they called? Where are the synapses? In what area of cortex do the projections terminate? Are they crossed or uncrossed?

2. somatic motor column, and describe the nuclei found in that column. Specify the cranial nerves that they are connected to, the names and locations of the nuclei within the brainstem, and the function of the nuclei.

3. describe its organization the organization of the olfactory system. What are the receptors? What nerve or nerves carry information to the CNS and where does it (or they) terminate? What areas of the thalamus and cortex are involved?

At a minimum, select three named arteries and provide the following for each: - A locational description using proper regional AND directional terminology - The course of the artery, the tissues supplied by it, and any anatomical landmarks that are associated with your selected artery (e.g. – The left subclavian artery arises from the arch of the aorta, and passes laterally inferior to the clavicle before passing the first rib. It has multiple branches including the vertebral artery, the interior thoracic artery, the thyrocervical trunk, the costocervical trunk, and the dorsal scapular artery.

Branches of the subclavian artery supply the cerebellum and brainstem and muscles of the cervical and scapular regions.) Your structure exploration should be submitted as a separate document (in either PDF or Word form), containing properly cited references (in APA format).

Why may ketone bodies form in some patients?

A. lipids are not getting absorbed in the small intestine

B. glycolysis is stimulated in the liver

C. acetyl-CoA is converted into ketone bodies instead of continuing through the citric acid cycle

D. oxaloacetate is available for the citric acid cycle

E. proteins are not digested correctly

In regards to the digestive system-

Review digestion of carbohydrates:

Review of digestion of proteins:

Review digestion of fats:

Explain what partial pressure is. List the partial pressures of O2 and CO2 in alveolar air and explain what determines their values (discuss each gas separately). List the partial pressures of O2 and CO2 in systemic arterial blood and explain what determines their values. List the partial pressures of O2 and CO2 in systemic venous blood and explain what determines their values.