Describe the events of a cardiac cycle based upon contracting and relaxation phases.

Describe the activity of each chamber during cardiac systole and cardiac diastole. Be able to relate the electrical activity of the heart (depolarization, repolarization) to the corresponding electrical activity depicted on a typical ECG/EKG tracing. Label and define the waves.

Trace the depolarization pathway through the intrinsic conduction system components. Compare and contrast cardiac and skeletal muscle contraction.

What part of this equation do veins affect? (MAP = SV x HR x TPR)

For each, indicate whether the first item is (greater than, equal to, less than) the second item

5. Explain the following terms as they relate to skeletal muscle:

A. aerobic Endurance

B. anaerobic threshold

3. Muscle endurance
4. Muscle Hypertrophy
5. Explain the rationale for training muscles both anaerobically and aerobically by explaining what effects anaerobic and aerobic exercise will have on muscles.

Indicate whether each statement is true or false:

1. The intestinal mucosa produces most of the secretions that enter the small intestine, but the secretions of the spleen and the pancreas also enter the small intestine and play essential roles in digestion.   True  False
2. The mucus produced by the intestinal and duodenal glands and the goblet cells protects the wall of the intestine from the effects of the acidic chyme and from digestive enzymes.   True  False
3. Small molecules, which are breakdown products of digestion, are absorbed through the microvilli and enter the circulatory or lymphatic system.   True  False
4. Mixing, propulsion, and mass peristalsis are the primary mechanical functions of the small intestine. True False

Describe the 5 classes of antibodies, including their function and a location for each.

Describe why oxygen consumption is an indirect measure of metabolism. How do we measure oxygen consumption and internally identify what fuel body is being used for exercise?

Describe the inflammatory response: when does it happen, and for what purpose? What are the steps of the process (in detail)?

[REGARDING THE SENSORY AND MOTOR HOMUNCULUS] What is the adaptive or evolutionary value to the amount of space dedicated to each body part? How does the human homunculus compare to that of other animals? Why?

1- Compare and contrast 4 types of connective tissue. Need brief explain.

2- Compare and contrast 4 types of connective tissue. Need brief explain.

For the following two questions, please provide a response of at least one paragraph (and you can certainly write more); question 1b, though technically part of question one, should rate two or three sentences separate from the response for 1a.While there are ‘correct’ answers to these two problems, the emphasis of this assignment is how well you can defend and support your response from the resources available to you.

1. a) How are the glomeruli of kidney nephrons supplied with oxygen and nutrients? Support and defend your response. (It’s not the afferent arteriole.)

2. b) Explain why the afferent arteriole is not the answer to part a.

3. A particular substance can only be removed from the body via the urinary system. However, it is stipulated that there are no anatomical structures or physiological mechanisms within the nephron or its surrounding blood vessels capable of actively transporting the specified substance. Based on that fact, what is the maximum percent of the substance that can be removed from the blood per pass through the kidneys? Support and explain your response from the resources available to you.

1.How does secretin affect bile and pancreatic juice?

2. How does CCK affect bile and pancreatic juice?

3. How are amino acids, triglycerides, and monosaccharides absorbed in the small intestine?

4. How do bacteria in the large intestine help us?

If a child or animal ingests these rodenticides, would you expect to see normal clotting time, prolonged clotting time, or faster clotting time? Explain

What component of a retinal rod can be considered the analog of a neural dendrite?Instead of containing receptors for neural transmitters, how are these components activated?