Describe the respiratory responses to an increase or decrease of arterial blood pH or PCO_2. In paragraph form please.

Articulation case study:

Sam, now a 6 year old male was recently adopted from Vietnam. He was born with a bilateral complete cleft lip and palate. The cleft lip was repaired in Vietnam, but the cleft palate was left unrepaired. Due to the cleft palate, he has velopharyngeal dysfunction i.e. his velum does not retract and meet the posterior pharyngeal wall to close off the nasal cavity.

1. Which anatomical structures are missing/affected in a complete bilateral cleft palate?

2. Which anatomical structures are missing/affected in a complete bilateral cleft lip?

3. How do you think Sam sounds i.e. what is his vocal quality? Why? Hint: Think about how the velopharyngeal insufficiency is affecting his overall articulation. 4. Despite his velopharyngeal insufficiency, there are certain phonemes of the English language that he can produce effectively. What are those phonemes?

5. What affects might Sam’s cleft palate have on swallowing?

Please answer all 5 questions

How does the structure at each point along the GI tract pathway enable its digestive functions?

the experiment you undertook to test one of the factors that affects diffusion of a solute in a solvent: Parameter chosen: Null hypothesis: Alternate hypothesis: Dependent variable: Independent variable: Controlled variables: Write a detailed protocol on how you would perform the experiment and measure the results. You can use dot points to detail the steps taken to perform the experiment – make sure you mention all details of the materials you use so that anyone reading these instructions could repeat the experiment and would get the same results. Experimental protocol

Glycogen is important for fueling immediate metabolic needs. Provide a short paragraph in which you describe how glycogen metabolism is regulated in the liver and skeletal muscle by glucagon and epinephrine.

*BIOCHEMISTRY COURSE, please include basic cellular mechanisms. Thank you!

Differentiate between filtration, reabsorption & secretion. Include location for each term & a brief function for each term.

Which of these factors does not affect hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen?

Group of answer choices

temperature

blood pH

RBC metabolic activity

electrolyte balance

the PO2 of blood

Each of the following factors affects the rate of external respiration except the

Group of answer choices

solubility of oxygen in plasma.

PCO2 of the blood.

PN2 of the alveoli.

PO2 of the alveoli.

thickness of the respiratory membrane.

For maximum loading of hemoglobin with oxygen at the lungs, the

Group of answer choices

PO2 should be about 70 mm Hg.

pH should be slightly acidic.

BPG levels in the red blood cells should be high.

PCO2 should be high.

PO2 should be as high as possible.

Central Nervous System Discussion

The concept of synaptic pruning is discussed on page 730 in the course text. Give an example of how this may apply to neurogenic disorders. What cranial nerve mnemonic sentence would you use to remember the 12 cranial nerves?

18. Explain the process of reabsorption using the following structures.

a. Tubular Lumen, Tubular cells, Tubular fluid, Peritubular fluid, Peritubular capillary

****PLEASE USE THESE TERMS

If calcium binding sites on troponin proteins were blocked by 25%, how would this impact the maximum contractile force of a muscle fibre in the context of the cross bridge cycle?

1. Regarding countercurrent mechanisms:
   1. List which structure(s) is/are responsible for establishing the concentration gradient in the renal medulla? Describe how this is accomplished. (5 points)
      1. Note: You do not need to describe the entire positive feedback loop, I am looking more simply for structures or structural modifications and functions of those structures. Do mention how the tubular fluid concentration changes and the interstitial fluid of the medulla is affected as a result.
   2. List which structure(s) is/are responsible for maintaining the concentration gradient in the renal medulla? Describe how this is accomplished. (2 points)
   3. ACE inhibitors (angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors) are a popular class of drug that treats hypertension. Use your knowledge of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system to describe the physiological mechanism of how this medication works at the nephron and kidney level to reduce blood pressure. (3 points)
   4. Predict how ADH hypersecretion would affect the sodium concentration of the urine, and explain why. (2 points)

Case Study 5 - Swallowing

Sarah Miller is a 48 yo female who admitted to the ED with right hemiparesis, dysarthria and a reflexive cough while taking small sips of water. MRI of the brain confirmed an MCA distribution stroke. A bedside swallow evaluation was ordered which revealed the following: R facial droop with moderately dysarthric speech. Tongue deviates to the right on protrusion. Lips strength is moderately impaired. Palpation of larynx/hyoid during a dry swallow revealed mildly reduced laryngeal elevation/excursion. Vocal quality is soft and breathy. Unable to complete diakochokinetic rate due to poor approximation and coordination of movements.

1. Name 3 cranial nerves you think could be damaged and explain why? (6)

2. What indications (ie symptoms) do you subjectively consider based on the patient’s presentation (prior to initiating the exam) just based off of what you see, hear and have read about the medical history? (2)

3. What does the inability to complete the diadochokinetic rate tell you about the patient’s speech/swallow deficits? (2)