Proteins destined for the nucleus contain a "nuclear localization signal" or NLS. How does the the...

Proteins destined for the nucleus contain a "nuclear localization signal" or NLS. How does the the NLS direct the protein to the nucleus?

Proteins that contain a NLS are allowed to freely diffuse into the nucleus

Proteins that contain a NLS interact with a receptor on the surface of the nuclear membrane

Proteins that contain a NLS interact with a transport system that is powered by the hydrolysis of GTP

Proteins that contain a NLS are synthesized by ribosomes attached to the nuclear membrane and they are extruded into the nucleus

All of the following are second messengers used inside the cell for signaling except:

		cAMP
		Inositol phosphates
		Adrenalined
		Ca⁺⁺

You have identified a new gene in the superchick stimulated growth factor pathway. Interestingly, both copies of the gene must be mutant in order for the phenotype of excessive growth to appear. Which of the following could explain the function of your gene?

		Your new gene could encode a tyrosine phosphatase that is responsible for inactivating the tyrosine kinase receptor
		Your new gene could encode a protein that inhibits the activation of the protein ras
		Your new gene could encode a protein that inhibits any of the MAP kinase proteins (Raf, Mek or Erk).
		All of the above

Expert Solution

1 c Proteins that contain a NLS interact with a transport system that is powered by the hydrolysis of GTP

Proteins gain entry into the nucleus through the nuclear envelope. The nuclear envelope consists of concentric membranes, the outer and the inner membrane. The inner and outer membranes connect at multiple sites, forming channels between the cytoplasm and the nucleoplasm. These channels are occupied by nuclear pore complexes (NPCs), complex multiprotein structures that mediate the transport across the nuclear membrane.

A protein translated with a NLS will bind strongly to importin (aka karyopherin), and, together, the complex will move through the nuclear pore. At this point, Ran-GTP will bind to the importin-protein complex, and its binding will cause the importin to lose affinity for the protein. The protein is released, and now the Ran-GTP/importin complex will move back out of the nucleus

2 adrenaline it is not second messenger

Adrenaline is normally produced by both the adrenal glands and a small number of neurons in the medulla oblongata, where it acts as a neurotransmitter involved in regulating visceral functions

Sydney Mullin answered 1 year ago

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