Question

Chemistry

General reactions

1. Complex molecules are synthesized used __________; in this reaction, a chemical bond is formed when _________ is removed. The reaction that is used to complex molecules into simpler building blocks is called _________. In this reaction, bonds are broken when __________ is added. Reactions go faster when _________.
   

Carbohydrates

1. The simplest carbohydrates are called __________. Three common hexoses are ________. Sucrose is formed when ________. Lactose is formed when ________; and maltase is formed when _______. These three molecules are examples of ________. Humans and other animals store polysaccharides in the form of __________. Plants store polysaccharides as __________.

Lipids

1. Triglycerides are formed by the reaction of ________. This form of lipid is used for _______.
2. Phospholipids are formed by the combination of ___________. This form of lipid is mostly found in ________ where they form _________.
3. Cholesterol
   1. Cholesterol is used to form ________ such as ___________.
   2. Cholesterol and other lipids are transported by _________.
   3. High levels of __________ is associated with increased risk of heart disease whereas high levels of __________ is associated with improved cardiovascular health.

Proteins

1. Proteins are made up of _________. There are _________amino acids which differ by the _______. Amino acids that can’t be synthesized by the body are called ________; they must be obtained from the _______. Amino acids joined by ______.
2. The order of the amino acids in a protein is called its __________. Examples of secondary structure include ___________. Tertiary structure are is formed by _________. Quaternary structure is formed when _________.

Transport Across Cell Membranes

Passive and Active Transport

1. Passive transport across the cell membrane (requires/doesn’t require) ATP while active transport (requires/doesn’t require) ATP. Passive transport always occurs (down/against) the concentration gradient. Active transport always occurs (down/against) the concentration gradient

Diffusion

1. Diffusion is the movement of molecules from an area of __________ to an area of _________. This is an example of __________ transport. The rate of diffusion can be increased by ___________.

Osmosis and Osmolarity

1. Osmosis is the movement of _________ from __________ to __________. The osmolarity of a solution is defined as the _____________. The normal osmolarity of body fluids is _________. Iso-osmotic solutions have an osmolarity of _______; hypoosmotic solutions have an osmolarity ________ and hyperosmotic solutions have an osmolarity of ________.
2. _________ solutions cause water to enter cells which may cause __________; _________ cause water to leave cells which may cause __________; and _________ has no net effect of water movement across the cell membrane

Vesicular Transport

1. __________ is used to move materials into the cell. This includes _________ and _________. The process that expels materials from the cell is called _______.

Nucleic Acids, Transcription, Translation, Replication

Nucleic Acids

1. Nucleic acids are made up of __________. The two forms of nucleic acid are _________ and __________.
2. DNA is made of ________. The strands of DNA are held together by _______bonds between bases. Each adenine base is paired with a ________; and each _________ is paired with a ________. This form of base-pairing is called ________. DNA is organized as _______ inside the nucleus. The regions of the genome that code for a protein is called a _________.
3. RNA is made of __________. It is (single/double) stranded. _________ carries the codes that are responsible for making a protein. _________ transports amino acids; and ________ is a part of the ribosome. There are ________ codons which are formed by ______ nucleotides. Codons code for _______.

Transcription

1. Transcription describes the process of copying _______ into _________. The enzyme responsible for transcription is ___________. This process occurs in the ________. A single mRNA may code for several proteins due to __________ which is used to remove noncoding regions called _________.

Translations

1. Translation is the process of __________. The mRNA strand is read by the ________ which assembles the _________. The three steps of translation are _________. This process primarily occurs in the ________.

DNA replication

1. DNA replication occurs in the __________. In this process the DNA is unwounded by _________ and it is then copied by ___________. At the end of the process each new double-stranded DNA will have ____________. This is called _____________ replication.

Answer 1

1. Complex molecules are synthesized used chemical reactions; in this reaction, a chemical bond is formed when water is removed. The reaction that is used to complex molecules into simpler building blocks is called catabolic reactions. In this reaction, bonds are broken when _____is added. Reactions go faster when added catalysts_.

Carbohydrates

1. The simplest carbohydrates are called Monosaccharides.Three common hexoses are Glucose,Fructose,Galactose,Mannose.Sucrose is formed when Glucose +Fructose, Lactose is formed when Glucose+Galactose, and maltase is formed when Glucose +Glucose (alpha-1,4-linkage)These three molecules are examples of Disaccharides. Humans and other animals store polysaccharides in the form of glycogen. Plants store polysaccharides as starch.

Lipids

1. Triglycerides are formed by the reaction of desertification of fatty acids to glycerol.This form of lipid is used for steroids and PGs.
2. Phospholipids are formed by the combination of glycerol, phosphoricacid,phosphate group. This form of lipid is mostly found in cell membranes where they form lipid bilayers.
3. Cholesterol
   1. Cholesterol is used to form _ hormones and vitamins_ such as vitamins D and membranes_.
   2. Cholesterol and other lipids are transported by lipoproteins.
   3. High levels of LDL is associated with increased risk of heart disease whereas high levels of HDL is associated with improved cardiovascular health.

Proteins

1. Proteins are made up of amino acids. There are 21 amino acids which differ by the chemical nature(acidic,basic,neutral). Amino acids that can’t be synthesized by the body are called essential ammino acids; they must be obtained from the diet. Amino acids joined by peptide bond.
2. The order of the amino acids in a protein is called its primary structure. Examples of secondary structure include alpha helix,beta pleated sheet. Tertiary structure are is formed by H- bonds,ionic interactions, disulphide bonds. Quaternary structure is formed when protein sub units binds

Transport Across Cell Membranes

Passive and Active Transport

1. Passive transport across the cell membrane (requires/doesn’t require) ATP while active transport (requires/doesn’t require) ATP. Passive transport always occurs (down/against) the concentration gradient. Active transport always occurs (down/against) the concentration gradient

Diffusion

1. Diffusion is the movement of molecules from an area of high conc_ to an area of low conc This is an example of passive transport. The rate of diffusion can be increased by conc gradient .

Osmosis and Osmolarity

1. Osmosis is the movement of solvent from less to more conc. The osmolarity of a solution is defined as the total no.of solute particles per liter. The normal osmolarity of body fluids is 306m osmoles per lit. Iso-osmotic solutions have an osmolarity of 300-312 ; hypoosmotic solutions have an osmolarity lower and hyperosmotic solutions have an osmolarity of greater.
2. Hyper solutions cause water to enter cells which may cause bursting_; hyposolutions cause water to leave cells which may cause shrinkage  and isotonic_ has no net effect of water movement across the cell membrane

Vesicular Transport

1. __________ is used to move materials into the cell. This includes _________ and _________. The process that expels materials from the cell is called _______.

Nucleic Acids, Transcription, Translation, Replication

Nucleic Acids

1. Nucleic acids are made up of nucleotides, phosphate group,sugarmoiety_. The two forms of nucleic acid are DNA and RNA.
2. DNA is made of nucleotides. The strands of DNA are held together by H bonds_bonds between bases. Each adenine base is paired with a thyamin; and each guanine is paired with a cytocine. This form of base-pairing is called watson and crick_. DNA is organized as coils inside the nucleus. The regions of the genome that code for a protein is called a extron_.
3. RNA is made of ribonucleotides It is (single/double) stranded mRNA_ carries the codes that are responsible for making a protein. tRNA transports amino acids; and rRNA is a part of the ribosome. There are 64 codons which are formed by nucleotides. Codons code for amino acid.

Transcription

1. Transcription describes the process of copying DNA into mRNA. The enzyme responsible for transcription is RNA polymerase_. This process occurs in the cytoplasm. A single mRNA may code for several proteins due to triplet codind__ which is used to remove noncoding regions called introns.

Translations

1. Translation is the process of protein synthesis. The mRNA strand is read by the template _ which assembles the ribosomes. The three steps of translation are initiation, elongation,termination_. This process primarily occurs in the cytoplasm_.

DNA replication

1. DNA replication occurs in the nucleus. In this process the DNA is unwounded by topoisomerases. and it is then copied by DNA polymerase. At the end of the process each new double-stranded DNA