Question

QUESTION 1

Define the term coenzyme. 2 pts.

Name and describe the role of the B vitamins that function as part of the structure of coenzymes. 4 pts.

QUESTION 2

Why does following a vegan diet result in risk for B-12 deficiency? 2 pts.

What is Vitamin B-12 deficiency, list 3 ways to supplement for this deficiency and list when each method is appropriate. 3 pts.

QUESTION 3

How do the vitamins function in the metabolic process? (list the vitamins) 5 pts.

QUESTION 4

Define the term ‘function foods’ 2 pts. List 2 sources and the benefit 2 pts.

QUESTION 5

Calcium and Iron are most likely to fall short in the diet. What is the result of this inadequate intake? 2 pts.

What dietary changes can promote improved intake and reduce risk of deficiency? 4 pts.

Answer 1

Ans1) coenzymes are organic nonprotein molecules that bind with the protein molecule (apoenzyme) to form the active enzyme (holoenzyme).

examples of vitamins as coenzymes: (a) thiamin pyrophosphate; (b) flavin mononucleotide; (c) pyridoxal phosphate; (d) coenzyme A; and (e) methylcobalamin or coenzyme B₁₂

B Vitamins

Biotin: Coenzyme; assists in glucose, fat, and protein metabolism, amino-acid synthesis

Folate: Coenzyme; amino acid synthesis, RNA, DNA, and red blood cell synthesis

B₁₂ (cobalamin): Coenzyme; fat and protein catabolism, folate function, red-blood-cell synthesis

Ans2)
Why does following a vegan diet result in risk for B-12 deficiency?
Most vegans consume enough B12 to avoid clinical deficiency. Two subgroups of vegans are at particular risk of B12 deficiency: long-term vegans who avoid common fortified foods (such as raw food vegans or macrobiotic vegans) and breastfed infants of vegan mothers whose own intake of B12 is low.

What is Vitamin B-12 deficiency

Vitamin deficiency is the condition of a long-term lack of a vitamin. When caused by not enough vitamin intake it is classified as a primary deficiency, whereas when due to an underlying disorder such as malabsorption it is called a secondary deficiency.

3 ways to supplement to VIT. B12 deficiency

1) vitamin B12-fortified grains

2) a supplement or B12 injections

3) high-dose oral vitamin B12

Ans3) The water-soluble B vitamins are involved as coenzymes in the breakdown of nutrients and in the building of macromolecules, such as protein, RNA, and DNA.

Thiamine (B₁)

Riboflavin (B₂)

Niacin (B₃)

Pantothenic Acid (B₅)
Pyroxidine (B₆)

Biotin (B₇)

Folate

Cobalamin (B₁₂)

Ans4) Functional foods are foods that have a potentially positive effect on health beyond basic nutrition. Proponents of functional foods say they promote optimal health and help reduce the risk of disease.

Cold-Water Fish — Sardines and Salmon, Nuts, Whole Grains — Barley, Beans, Berries.

1. Cold-Water Fish — Sardines and Salmon
   These protein-packed fish are lower in mercury and have higher amounts of omega-3 fatty acids, which may help lower risk of heart disease and improve infant health when consumed by women during pregnancy or while breastfeeding. About eight ounces of seafood a week is a good goal for adults, which amounts to two meals per week.
2. Nuts
   They make a great snack, help you feel full and may help promote heart health. most unsalted nuts, including cashews and almonds, are good sources of magnesium, which plays a role in managing blood pressure.
3. Whole Grains — Barley
   Often overshadowed by the fame of oatmeal, barley delivers similar benefits. It's high in dietary fiber, an underconsumed nutrient of public health concern in the U.S., and may help lower cholesterol and assist with blood sugar control.