Question

Question 01: Discuss the consequences of chronic stress as outlined by psycho-neuroimmunologists.

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Question 02: Describe the most widely used techniques of family therapy.

Answer 1

Research shows that chronic stress can reduce the body's immune system’s ability to fight off antigens, leaving the organism more vulnerable to infections and disease. Chronic stress can affect the immune system in two ways:

• Immune System Suppression: The body produces cortisol during a stress response to facilitate the fight-or-flight response. To do this, it suppresses the immune system by lowering amounts of a protein required for signaling other immune cells. This in turn results in a reduced number of immune cells known as lymphocytes (B cells and T cells). With fewer lymphocytes, the body is at increased risk of infection and disease, and more susceptible to contracting acute illnesses. The body also takes longer to heal from wounds and illnesses.

• Chronic Inflammation: Cortisol is necessary to reduce inflammation in the body. In the short term, this has positive benefits. However, over an extended period of time, these efforts lead to the suppression of the immune system. Immune cells eventually become insensitive to cortisol, leading to dysfunction of the immune system and enabling runaway inflammation.

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