Q # 1: Define what a Psychostimulant is and how it can alter mental activity? Q...

Q # 1: Define what a Psychostimulant is and how it can alter mental activity?

Q # 2: What are the similarities and differences between Ephadra, Amphetamines, and Racemic?

Q # 3: What is the difference between methylphenidate and Amphetamine?

Q # 4: What are Cathinones and how are they different from Amphetamines?

Q # 5: What is a clandestine and why are they important to study within the field of drugs and behavior?

Q # 6: Compare and contrast the differences in drug route exposure/usage of the variations of Cocaine?

Q # 7: Describe the pro's and con's of Sigmund Freud's advocacy program for "Uber Coca"?

Q # 8: What is methlyecgonine and how does it impact drug users that abuse cocaine?

Q # 9: Explain the danger of reward outcomes for a person who engages in poly-drug use?

Q # 10: Explain the importance of understanding the mechanism of the Cocaine- and Amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) within the synaptic communication of neurons?

Expert Solution

1.Psychostimulants work in two ways. They stimulate the release of chemicals, such as dopamine or norepinephrine, which help promote calmness or control. They also act as inhibitors, blocking the production of unwanted chemicals in the body.The most commonly used psychostimulants are caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines, methamphetamine, Ecstasy, cocaine and methylphenidate.
Psychomotor stimulants are drugs that produce behavioral activation, usually accompanied by increased arousal, alertness, and motor activity. Psychostimulant drugs have a long history of abuse and dependence with episodic collective amnesia associated with excessive use. There are two major classes of psychomotor stimulants: (1) direct or indirect sympathomimetics, such as cocaine and amphetamine, and (2) nonsympathomimetics.
Acute withdrawal from psychostimulants produces major elevations in brain reward thresholds that may have a critical role in driving escalation to dependence.
Psychostimulant drugs are among those drugs that can change mental states in a way facilitating the transition from a professional to more private behavioral repertoire. It is not the pharmacological effect of the drug alone that enhances social behavior, but rather the interaction with social stimuli.
3.Amphetamine is a drug that belongs to the family of phenethylamine that will induce a sense of wakefulness and alertness to the human body. The Methylphenidate, on the other hand, belongs to the class of compounds that is better known as piperidine.
Both drugs act as a stimulant to the nervous system. The amphetamines act by increasing certain amounts of chemicals in the body that increase the heart rate and the blood pressure to control one’s actions. The methylphenidate will work by increasing the levels of dopamine in the brains of children, which will create a feeling and emotion of pleasure.
When it comes to being prescribed legally, the methylphenidate is the type of drugs that will eventually work on the creation of dopamine in the human system. This effect is considered as one of the vital reasons why doctors and physicians prescribed them more to ADHD patients. The amphetamine, on the other hand, has this effect of increasing the cardiac output and the blood pressure that will make it a dangerous drug to take in cases when the patient has been diagnosed with hypertension.
Amphetamine is more prone to street selling and is more addictive because of its action of being a performance enhancer unlike the methylphenidate which works mostly on ADHD conditions.
4.The chemical ‘cathinone’ is a naturally occurring stimulant drug found in the plant, Khat.Cathinones are the family of related chemicals, including cathinone and many synthetically produced chemicals, like mephedrone, methylone (M1) and MDPV. Cathinones are ‘cousins’ of the amphetamine family of drugs, which includes amphetamine itself (speed) and MDMA (ecstasy), and which have similar effects.Cathinones can cause feelings of euphoria and empathy as well as increasing alertness and talkativeness.Cathinone differs from many other amphetamines in that it has a ketone functional group.
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