Question

Balance the occurring in a basic solution

CIO- +NO yields NO3- + CI-

Can you break down in addition to the half reaction the electron balance please and explain the electrons are balanced.

Answer 1

Step 1. Write down the unbalanced equation('skeleton equation') of the chemical reaction. All reactants and products must be known. For a better result write the reaction in ionic form.

ClO- + NO → NO3- + Cl-

Step 2. Separate the redox reaction into half-reactions.

a) Assign oxidation numbers for each atom in the equation. Oxidation number

Cl(+1)O(-2)- + N(+2)O(-2) → N(+5)O(-2)3- + Cl(-1)-

Oxidation number of elements are written in parenthesis to their right

b) Identify and write out all redox couples in reaction. Identify which reactants are being oxidized (the oxidation number increases when it reacts) and which are being reduced (the oxidation number decreases.) O- oxidation half reaction, R - reduction half reaction

O: NO → NO3-

R: ClO- → Cl-

Step 3. Balance the atoms in each half reaction. A chemical equation must have the same number of atoms of each element on both sides of the equation. Add appropriate coefficients (stoichiometric coefficients) in front of the chemical formulas. Balance each half reaction separately.

a) Balance all other atoms except hydrogen and oxygen. We can use any of the species that appear in the skeleton equations for this purpose. Keep in mind that reactants should be added only to the left side of the equation and products to the right.

O:

NO → NO3-

R:

ClO- → Cl-

b) Balance the oxygen atoms. Check if there are the same numbers of oxygen atoms on the left and right side, if they aren't equilibrate these atoms by adding water molecules.

O:

NO + 2H2O → NO3-

R:

ClO- → Cl- + H2O

c) Balance the hydrogen atoms. Check if there are the same numbers of hydrogen atoms on the left and right side, if they aren't equilibrate these atoms by adding protons (H+).

O:

NO + 2H2O → NO3- + 4H+

R:

ClO- + 2H+ → Cl- + H2O

d) For reactions in a basic medium, add one OH- ion to each side for every H+ ion present in the equation. The OH- ions must be added to both sides of the equation to keep the charge and atoms balanced. Combine OH- ions and H+ ions that are present on the same side to form water.

O:

NO + 2H2O + 4OH- → NO3- + 4H2O

R:

ClO- + 2H2O → Cl- + H2O + 2OH-

Step 4. Balance the charge. To balance the charge, add electrons (e-) to the more positive side to equal the less positive side of the half-reaction. It doesn't matter what the charge is as long as it is the same on both sides.

O:

NO + 2H2O + 4OH- → NO3- + 4H2O + 3e-

R:

ClO- + 2H2O + 2e- → Cl- + H2O + 2OH-

Step 5. Make electron gain equivalent to electron lost. The electrons lost in the oxidation half-reaction must be equal the electrons gained in the reduction half-reaction. To make the two equal, multiply the coefficients of all species by integers producing the lowest common multiple between the half-reactions.

O:

NO + 2H2O + 4OH- → NO3- + 4H2O + 3e-

| *2

R:

ClO- + 2H2O + 2e- → Cl- + H2O + 2OH-

| *3

O:

2NO + 4H2O + 8OH- → 2NO3- + 8H2O + 6e-

R:

3ClO- + 6H2O + 6e- → 3Cl- + 3H2O + 6OH-

Step 6. Add the half-reactions together. The two half-reactions can be combined just like two algebraic equations, with the arrow serving as the equals sign. Recombine the two half-reactions by adding all the reactants together on one side and all of the products together on the other side.

2NO + 3ClO- + 10H2O + 8OH- + 6e- →2NO3- + 3Cl- + 11H2O + 6e- + 6OH-

Step 7. Simplify the equation. The same species on opposite sides of the arrow can be canceled.

Hence the balanced equation thus obtained is

2NO + 3ClO- + 2OH- → 2NO3- + 3Cl- + H2O