Question

1. Why cooking ae well as gastric acid are important in protein digestion? Explain in short in your own words.

2. The Krebs cycle serves as pathway for metabolic interconversion. Explain in short with examples.

3. How endothermic reactions can be linked to the overall hydrolysis of ATP → ADP and phosphate? Explain in detail.

4. Describe the formation of ketone bodies and explain their importance in fasting and starvation

Answer 1

Ans 1- Cooking is important as it improves digestion and increases the absorption of many nutrients as example protein in cooked egg is 180% more digestable than raw eggs.

Gastric acid activates pepsinogen into the enzyme pepsin , which then aids protein digestion by breaking amino acid bonds , by a process called proteolysis.

Ans 2- kreb cycle serves as a pathway for metabolic interconversion as example- interconversion of 2-hydroxyglutarate, derived from porphyrin and amino acid metabolism and interconversion of 2- oxoglutarate which is a citric acid cycle intermediate.

Ans 3-Endothermic reactions are linked to the hydrolysis of ATP to ADP and phosphate by the help of strategy called reaction coupling . For example, Sodium potassium pump- It's energetically unfavorable to move sodium out , and potassium into the typical cell ,beacuse this movement is against the concentration gradient of the ions . ATP provides energy for this transport by way of a membrane embedded protein called sodium potassium pump .In this process, ATP transfers one of its phosphate groups to the pump protein , forming ADP.

Ans 4-Ketone bodies are substances produced by liver during gluconeogenesis, a process which creates glucose in times of fasting and starvation. These compounds are used in healthy individuals to provide energy to the cells of the body when glucose is low or absent in the diet.