Question

1. Provide information about Distance-vector routing protocols.

2. Provide information about Link-state routing protocols.

3. Provide some troubleshooting commands and explain about the usage.

Answer 1

Distance-vector routing protocol :

The distance-vector routing protocol determines the best route for the data packets based on the distances. This protocol measures the distance by the number of routers a packet has to pass, one router counts as one hope. Some distance-vector protocols also take into account network latency and other factors that influence traffic on a given route. To determine the best route across a network, routers, on which a distance-vector protocol is implemented, exchange information with one another, usually routing tables plus hop counts for designation networks and possibly other traffic information.

Distance-vector routing protocols uses the Bellman-Ford algorithm and Ford-Fulkerson algorithm to calculate the best route. Another way of calulating the best route across a network is based on link cost, and is implemented through link-state routing protocols.

Link-state routing protocol :

Link-State routing protocols are one of the two main classes of routing protocols used in packet switching networks for computer communcations. The Link-State protocol is performed by every switching node in the network (nodes that are prepared to forward packets in the internet, these are called routers). The basic concept of link-state routing is that every node constructs a map of the connectivity to the network, in the form of a graph, showing which nodes are connected to which other nodes. Each node then independently calculates the next best logical path from it to every possible destination in the network.

Examples of the Link-State protocols include Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) and Intermediate System to Intermediate System (IS-IS).

Different Trouble shooting commands and their usages :

Following are the different trouble shooting commands with their usages:

1. ping :

The ping command is used to send out a packet to another computer or network device and measure the response time. The target device will return a response for each ping it recieves. This is a simple way to tell if your computer is able to communicate with another computer or test the quality of the connection to a particular computer or website.

2. tracert :

The tracert (short for traceroute) command is used to show the route that a network connection takes from one system to another. It displays information about different routes or hops that a packet takes, much like knowing how a letter is passed from one place to another until it reaches its final destination.

3. ipconfig :

The ipconfig command will display the information about your network connection. By default, it displays information about the IP address, subnet mask, and default gateway for each network adapter. The ' iconfig /all ' command will display all of the networking information of each adapter, including the MAC address of each network interface.

4. NetStat :

NetStat is a common TCP - IP networking command-line method present in most Windows, Linux, UNIX, and other operating systems. The NetStat provides the statistics and information in the use of the current TCP-IP Connection network.

5. Hostname :

To communicate with each and other, the computer needs a unique address. A hostname can be alphabetic or alphanumeric, and contains specific symbols used specifically to define a specific node or device in the network.

6. Nslookup :

The Nslookup which stands for name server lookup command is a network utility command used to obtain information about internet servers. It provides name server information for the DNS ( Domain Name System ). ie, the name and IP address of the default DNS server.

7. Route :

  In IP networks, routing table are used to direct packets from one subnet to of another. The Route command provides the device's routing table. The route command returns the routing table, as well as the user, can make changes by Commands such as Route Add, Route Delete, and Route change which allows modifying the routing table as a requirement.

8. ARP :

It stands for Address resolution Protocol. Although, network communications can readily be thought of it as IP address, the delivery of a packet depends ultimately on the media access protocol ( MAC ). This is where the protocol for address resolution comes into effect.

9. Path Ping :

The path ping command, which provides a combination of the best aspects of Tracert and Ping.