write a detailed essay on energy and power. your essay should include the types of energy and the laws associated with them (500-1500 words)

please make it computer typing thanks

The top three global automobile manufactures in 2015 were Toyota (10.23 million units), Volkswagen (10.14 million units), and General Motors (9.92 million units).¹ Senior leaders at Volkswagen (VW) had a vision of global dominance and were determined to overtake Toyota and become the world’s number one auto manufacturer. Company leaders identified diesel vehicles as a key means for reaching this goal and realizing their vision. Volkswagen has long been known around the world for its diesel vehicles, and executives saw this as an advantage over its competitors. Moreover, diesel vehicles were attractive to customers because “They were cheaper than hybrids and packed more muscle under the hood yet still often got more than 40 miles to the gallon.”² A major obstacle, however, was challenging emissions standards in the United States. The U.S. standards were always stringent, more so than Europe, but in 2004 were tightened dramatically. VW nevertheless decided to take on the challenge and pressed ahead, diligently attempting to innovate its designs and technologies and meet these standards. VW’s competitors (Mazda, Nissan, Honda, and Hyundai), in contrast, found the standards too difficult and chose not to compete in the American diesel car market.³

VW, which also owns Porsche and Audi, applied its renowned engineering and innovation expertise to overcome the emissions hurdles. In this instance, however, effective solutions did not materialize in time and within budget. But what did emerge was a way to cheat. Engineers at the company’s research and development complex in Wolfsburg Germany identified patterns of parameters associated with emission testing (steering, throttle, and other operations). They then used these patterns to program software to switch a car’s emission equipment into a “cheat mode” when testing conditions were detected. The software became known as “cheat devices” and would switch back to normal mode when in non-testing (typical) driving conditions. (For perspective, the normal operation mode produced emissions that were up to 40 times the legal limit!)⁴

This begs the question: Why not simply operate in this mode all of the time? Several reasons. Compared to the normal operation mode, engine and mileage performance were substantially reduced. Engineers also determined that running cars full time in this stricter emissions mode would wear out components much faster. Adding to these challenges, alternative and more effective emission equipment would cost hundreds of dollars more per vehicle without providing noticeable performance benefits to customers. The alternatives actually would have decreased the impressive engine and fuel performance that attracted buyers in the first place. All of this was deemed unacceptable by senior decision-makers and the cheat devices were installed for nearly a decade in millions of vehicles sold around the world.⁵

The Costs Continue to Mount

Since the discovery and subsequent admission of the scandal in 2015 the consequences and costs have piled up. Approximately 11 million cars worldwide—roughly 500,000 cars in the United States and 8.5 in Europe—are now involved.⁶ One analyst estimates the cost to VW could ultimately exceed $86 billion.⁷ By late 2016 legal liability alone had already reached $19 billion:

• A settlement with U.S. regulators totaled approximately $15 billion.
• $9.2 billion is sought by more than 1400 complaints from institutional and individual shareholders.
• One attorney in Germany represents another $6 billion in claims^.8
• Part of the U.S. settlement involves a payment of approximately $3 billion to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) for damage done to the environment by these cars. This was nearly double the largest fine previously assessed to any auto manufacturer.⁹

The scandal also has damaged the reputation of the company with customers, investors, auto dealers, and regulators around the world. For instance, one survey in 2016 showed that consumers were 28 percent less likely to buy a VW because of the scandal.¹⁰ Although many costs are difficult to estimate, and some are likely to linger far beyond legal claims and settlements, the effect on sales was immediate. VW vehicle sales in the United States dropped nearly 15 percent in the first six months of 2016, compared to the same period a year earlier,¹¹ and operating profits at passenger car unit were down more than 45 percent.¹² To be fair, VW sales were lagging in the United States before the scandal but have since accelerated. This was especially problematic for VW considering that more than 20 percent of its total U.S. sales were from diesel vehicles.¹³ These troubles were further reflected in the company’s stock which at one point dipped by as much as 40 percent, and more than a year later is still down 25 percent from prescandal levels.¹⁴

An Overlooked Casualty

Besides VW executives and employees one group is especially hard hit by the scandal and often overlooked—auto dealers! The scandal has caused inventories at VW, as well as Porsche and Audi (both had numerous vehicle models included in the scandal), dealerships to be more difficult to move. A class action suit by 650 U.S. VW dealers resulted in a reported $1.2 billion settlement. But the fact is they have many new and used cars that cannot be sold due to “stop-sale orders.”¹⁵ Even models not included in the scandal are more difficult to sell (sitting on lots 71 percent longer). Combine these factors with aggressive discounting by the company means that dealers have and will continue to suffer.¹⁶

How and Why Did This Happen?

The answer to this question is not simple. Although current Volkswagen chairman, Hans Dieter Potsch, highlighted the complexity and magnitude of the scandal and its causes. He explained that when engineers couldn’t find technical solutions within the prescribed timeframe and budget, they developed and opted to use a shortcut. Worse still, it was reported that “When the engineers did find a solution, he said, they chose to keep on cheating rather than employ it… ‘We are not talking about a one-off mistake, but a whole chain of mistakes that was not interrupted at any point along the timeline.’”¹⁷

The Role of People and the Organization

Numerous executives, other leaders, managers, and employees throughout the organization clearly engaged in persistent unethical conduct. One explanation for the pervasive misconduct is that many of these same people possessed common values, such as conformity, tradition, and security. These would not only be personal values but also those long associated with Volkswagen, fostered by the company’s long history and place in German society and culture. This conservation orientation clearly pervaded individual employees and the larger organization so much so that one group of New York Times reporters stated: “The 78-year-old company’s unusual culture—confident, cutthroat, and insular—has come under scrutiny as potentially enabling Volkswagen’s lawbreaking behavior.”¹⁸ It thus is clear that the organization’s culture played a significant role, especially given the scandal permeated so many units, levels, and brands of the organization, and persisted over such a long period of time.

These values were reinforced by VW’s structure and executive leadership. VW is headquartered in Wolfsburg Germany, one of the country’s richest cities. A Newsweek article reports that employees of the company “live and work under a highly centralized hierarchy that expects him to perform, no matter what the demands.” Ferdinand Dudenhoffer, an automotive industry expert based in Germany, claims that VW is a unique auto company. “It’s not democratic; it’s autocratic. It’s a system focused on its roots in Wolfsburg. It’s not at all global in its thinking.” The culture is well known for discouraging debate and dissent. Dudenhoffer also asserts that although management may not have explicitly directed employees to do something unethical or illegal, they likely applied significant pressure by saying something like: “Please think again on that, and if you don’t find a solution, we may need to find another engineer.”¹⁹ This account suggests that pressure, both overt and subtle forms, was a common tool leaders and managers used to get compliance from employees at all levels. Over time, these factors undoubtedly served to strengthen the culture and employees’ compliance.

Other Causes

Senior leaderships’ vision for dominance and associated lofty goals for the diesel car market, were apparent in many ways over a long period of time. Evidence for its win at any cost approach occurred at least as far back as 2006. It was then that a VW technology executive gave a PowerPoint presentation that outlined how the automaker could cheat and pass emissions standards in the United States. Investigations have yet to determine how widely the information in this presentation was shared, but it does show that a series of flawed decisions over a long period of time contributed. This was exacerbated by the centralized decision-making practices at the company. The record now shows that for more than a decade leaders across levels at Volkswagen either ignored, underplayed, or actively covered up warning signs.²⁰ This detail was described in a statement by Matthias Müller, who replaced Winterkorn as CEO after the scandal broke, but who has since been implicated himself. He contended that decision making was and is too centralized at the top, where a triumvirate of forces have too much power: (1) Porsche family members who developed the original VW Beetle, (2) the German state government in Saxony (the location of many VW factories that employ a large percentage of the workforce), and (3) labor representatives that control half the seats on the company’s supervisory board. He also argues that top-down power structure and leadership style under Mr. Winterkorn was detrimental to the company’s competitiveness.²¹

All the Blame Does Not Reside in the C-Suite

Certainly senior leadership deserves a large portion of the blame, as it set such challenging goals, enacted controlling leadership and decision-making styles, downplayed potential implications, and acted slowly and inadequately once the scandal was revealed. However, contributing to this was the long history Volkswagen had with the German government and regulators. The company is an iconic brand in the country and a major employer, which provided them many benefits and concessions from the government, investors, and regulators over time. It thus is possible that VW leaders may have expected regulators and others to bend the rules in favor of the organization.

These decision-making and leadership issues were reinforced by human resource policies and practices that either encouraged unethical behavior or at least didn’t hold people accountable for such transgressions. Making matters worse was VW’s bonus system that rewards consensus and rewards it generously. Employees are paid for individual performance and company performance, but it also rewards team performance.²² The implication is that blowing the whistle on something so significant would likely hit every employee in the pocketbook three times—individual, team, and company bonuses. Although many outsiders find it shocking, little financial consequence has occurred for the executives involved. While Winterkorn resigned, he still received a very generous severance package in excess of $10 million. And more generally executive bonus pay was only reduced by 30 percent with little explanation provided for the public record. This motivated one reporter to ask: “Why not reduce it by 100 percent?!”²³

When combined these factors provided little encouragement for employees or executives to speak up, speak out, or take other actions.

How Many People Were Involved?

VW is not a monolith, it is comprised of nearly 600,000 employees. Of course not all of them were involved, but a sole actor was not behind the deception at VW. The scandal was a concert. Many individuals at all levels of VW and over many years clearly perceived risks to be lower than they actually were. This is due to the fact that vehicles often have over 50 different computers on board, which amounts to millions of lines of code. One expert said, “It’s impossible for any one of us to look over the whole thing, even if we wanted to.” The cheat software was buried within millions of lines of code—difficult to find even if you know how and where to look.²⁴ Many also clearly showed trust in their own decisions and abilities, as well as those of their coworkers, supervisors, and senior leaders. It thus seems that the actions of VW’s executive leaders over time in a way legitimized the behaviors and diminished many employees’ concerns.

Volkswagen has taken a number of steps to determine the involvement of employees. One example was a limited amnesty program that offered some measure of job protection to a certain group of employees. Approximately 50 employees came forward and admitted knowledge of the activities related to the emissions cheating. Outside observers however claim that a significant number of engineers, technicians and managers would be required to coordinate all of the activities involved in identifying the problem, creating the solution, and implementing it. As one EPA official said, there are many different components, and the code could in theory be written by a single person, “but making it work with other parts of the engine is a more complicated task that would likely have involve more people.”²⁵

If this isn’t bad enough, it is been revealed that Robert Bosch GmbH, a German company and the world’s largest automotive supplier, actually wrote part of the code. They however claim that it is not their responsibility how their customers use the products that they supply. Moreover, the company says it warned VW in 2007 not to use the software in real-world driving conditions as it would/could be illegal.

Assume VW hired consultants to advise them on the best way to implement change after the emissions scandal. The consultants recommended that VW senior management focus on inputs, strategic plans, target elements of change, and outputs. Based on what you’ve learned in the book, what model or framework are the consultants describing?

Multiple Choice

• organizational development

• organizing framework

• Kotter’s steps for leading organizational change

• Lewin’s change model

• systems model of change

In 200 words, describe the strategic roles of the three communities of interest

What does the organization’s path along the quality continuum tell us?

1 Rank the following in terms of increasing momentum:

A 10,000 kg train car at rest

A 100 kg person running at 5 m/s

A 1200 kg car going 15 m/s

A 15 kg meteor going at a speed of 1000 m/s

2 Rank the following in terms of increasing kinetic energy:

A 1200 kg car going 15 m/s

A 10,000 kg train car at rest

A 15 kg meteor going at a speed of 1000 m/s

A 100 kg person running at 5 m/s

3 Ben (55 kg) is standing on very slippery ice when Junior (25 kg) bumps into him. Junior was moving at a speed of 8 m/s before the collision and Ben and Junior embrace after the collision. Find the speed of Ben and Junior as they move across the ice after the collision. Give the answer in m/s. Describe the work you did to get the answer.  

A box of mass M is pushed a distance L across a level floor by a constant applied force P. The coefficient of kinetic friction between the box and the floor is μ. Assuming the box starts from rest, express the final velocity vf of the box in terms of M, L, P, μ, and g.

Topic: Is it ethical to subject animals to unnatural and/or painful situations in the pursuit of knowledge about the human condition? Answer this question within the framework of psychology.

NOTE: Please cite your sources and defend your position with evidence from credible sources.

Oscar Fox, the accounting manager of Onaka Antique Company, is preparing his company’s cash budget for the next quarter. Onaka desires to maintain a cash cushion of $2,000 at the end of each month. As cash flows fluctuate, the company either borrows or repays funds at the end of a month. It pays interest on borrowed funds at the rate of 1 percent per month.

Required

1. Complete the cash budget by filling in the missing amounts. Round all computations to the nearest whole dollar.
2. Determine the amount of net cash flows from operating activities Onaka will report on its quarterly pro forma statement of cash flows.
3. Determine the amount of net cash flows from financing activities Onaka will report on its quarterly pro forma statement of cash flows.

Prepare the journal entry to apply factory overhead for April 30 according to the predetermined overhead rate. Refer to the Chart of Accounts for exact wording of account titles. Cavy Company estimates that total factory overhead costs will be $559,619 for the year. Direct labor hours are estimated to be 90,700. Required: Determine (a) the predetermined factory overhead rate; (b) the amount of factory overhead applied to Job 567 if the amount of direct labor hours is 1,200 and Job 999 if the amount of direct labor hours is 3,100; and (c) prepare the journal entry to apply factory overhead for April according to the predetermined overhead rate. Refer to the Chart of Accounts for exact wording of account titles. DATE DESCRIPTION POST. REF. DEBIT CREDIT

1) In a service system with impatient customers, is 1/a (1/interarrival time) the same as the flow rate? please explain.

Determine the net present worth (NPW) of the cash flows given in table below for an investment opportunity being presented to a company. MARR =10%. Year 0 1-10 11-15 16-25 26-30 Cash Flow -$100K 10K 20K -5K 30K

Consider the following linear programming problem.

min −x1 + 4x2

subject to:

• x1 + x2 ≥ 1

• 3x1 + x2 ≤ .5

• x1, x2 ≥ 0

Formulate the dual of this problem.

use a financial calculator or a program such as Excel to answer the questions run your answers to the nearest whole number.

A. you purchase a stock for $9,500 and collect $350 at the end of each year in dividends. you sell the stock for $11,000 after 6 years what was the annual return on your $9, 500 investment?

B. You purchased a building for a $750,000 collect annual rent (after expenses) of $110,000 and sell the building for $800,000 after 4 years. what is the annual return on this investment?.

C. you buy a stock for $1,000 and expect to sell it for $940 after 6 years but also expect to collect dividends of $130 a year. calculate the return on this investment and prove that it is less than 14%.

In the context of matching hypothesis, which of the following reflects the operation of matching?

a. people at all levels of attractiveness find partners

b. people look for the most attractive mate

c. unattractive people do not have partners

d. attractiveness equals health and fertility

1.1 Discuss challenges related to managing performance and compensating employees from other countries.

Give some incidents and examples