Question

Using SAS programming Please include the syntax and output of the information:

In a study of factors thought to be responsible for the adverse effects of smoking on human reproduction, cadmium level determinations (nanograms per gram) were made on placenta tissue of a sample of 14 mothers who were smokers and an independent random sample of 18 nonsmoking mothers.

The results were as follows-

Nonsmokers: 10.0, 8.4, 12.8, 25.0, 11.8, 9.8, 12.5, 15.4, 23.5, 9.4, 25.1, 19.5, 25.5, 9.8, 7.5, 11.8, 12.2, 15.0

Smokers: 30.0, 30.1, 15.0, 24.1, 30.5, 17.8, 16.8, 14.8, 13.4, 28.5, 17.5, 14.4, 12.5, 20.4

Does it appear likely that the mean cadmium level is higher among smokers than nonsmokers? To answer this question, construct and interpret the 95% confidence interval estimate of the difference in means.

Use the 6 Step Hypothesis:

STEP 1: STATE THE APPROPRIATE NULL AND ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESES

STEP 2: DEFINE THE CRITICAL REGION

STEP 3: COMPUTE THE APPROPRIATE TEST STATISTIC

STEP 4: STATE YOUR STATISTICAL DECISION

STEP 5: STATE YOUR PRACTICAL CONCLUSION

STEP 6: REPORT THE P-VALUE

Answer 1

The SAS syntax is as,

data smoke ;
input smoke_nonSmoke$ Values;
datalines;
Nonsmokers   10
Nonsmokers   8.4
Nonsmokers   12.8
Nonsmokers   25
Nonsmokers   11.8
Nonsmokers   9.8
Nonsmokers   12.5
Nonsmokers   15.4
Nonsmokers   23.5
Nonsmokers   9.4
Nonsmokers   25.1
Nonsmokers   19.5
Nonsmokers   25.5
Nonsmokers   9.8
Nonsmokers   7.5
Nonsmokers   11.8
Nonsmokers   12.2
Nonsmokers   15
Smokers   30
Smokers   30.1
Smokers   15
Smokers   24.1
Smokers   30.5
Smokers   17.8
Smokers   16.8
Smokers   14.8
Smokers   13.4
Smokers   28.5
Smokers   17.5
Smokers   14.4
Smokers   12.5
Smokers   20.4
;
run;

proc ttest data=smoke sides=2 alpha=0.05 h0=0;
    title "Two sample t-test example";
    class smoke_nonSmoke;
   var Values;
run;

Output of the SAS as

Both For unequal and equal variances p-value is significant,

so conclusion is ,

there is significant change in smoker and nonsmoker woman's on the cadmium level .

Thanks

non smoker womens have less cadmium level than smoker women