Question

QUESTION 1

1. A multilingual individual with extensive atrophy is still able to perform within normal limits on most measures of cognitive ability. This is an example of

   		Brain reserve
   		Cognitive reserve
   		Inhibition Deficit
   		Transmission Deficit

2 points   

QUESTION 2

1. 80-year-old female presents with a brain 19% smaller than when she was 40 and a reduction in dendritic/synaptic spines. Is this an example of Healthy Aging?  

   Yes

   No

2 points   

QUESTION 3

1. Many of the linguistic changes associated with healthy aging can be attributed to a reduction in:

   		Episodic memory
   		Semantic memory
   		Working memory
   		Procedural Memory

2 points   

QUESTION 4

1. 120-year-old female presents with declining scores on sustained attention and recalling new information. Yet she walks 10 miles a day and is a lifelong vegetarian. Is this an example of healthy aging?

   Yes

   No

2 points   

QUESTION 5

1. 65-year-old female presents with a decline in coherence scores, as well as a reduction in syntactic complexity. Semantic memory did not demonstrate any decline. fMRI demonstrated a shift from utilizing episodic memory to using more semantic memory. On measures of working memory with distractors, the individual was able to remember 3 items. Is this an example of healthy aging?

   Yes

   No

2 points   

QUESTION 6

1. 90-year-old man presents with attention, memory, working memory, and executive function scores within normal limits. He also scores within normal limits on measures of receptive and expressive language. However, his discourse samples do show a small reduction in the number of vocabulary items produced. Is this an example of healthy aging?

   Yes

   No

2 points   

QUESTION 7

1. A 40-year-old man presents with a decline in divided/alternating attention and executive function. An MRI reveals his brain as shrunk by 5% within the last decade. Is this an example of healthy aging?

   Yes

   No

2 points   

QUESTION 8

1. A theory of aging where the main physiological mechanism focuses on the deterioration of the myelin sheath that covers neuronal axons?

   		Slowed Processing
   		Transmission Deficit
   		Inhibition Deficit
   		Region-Specific Hypothesis

2 points   

QUESTION 9

1. Chronological age is tied to biological age?

   True

   False

1 points   

QUESTION 10

1. A 60-year-old female presents with a decline in divided/alternating attention and executive function, especially inhibition. The individual also presents with no decline in language production, but there is a moderate decline in comprehension. Is this an example of healthy aging?

   Yes

   No

2 points   

QUESTION 11

1. A 65-year-old female presents with cognitive scores within normal limits for attention, memory, working memory, and executive function. She hasn't noticed a change in her language production or comprehension. She claims to read everyday. An MRI revealed several tiny infarcts across the cortex. Is this an example of healthy aging?

   Yes

   No

2 points   

QUESTION 12

1. 75-year-old female presents with declining scores in the recall of novel word lists but scores within normal limits on measures of semantic memory. Measures of attention and executive function show no decline. However, her working memory capacity is reduced to 1 item with distractors and 4 items without distractors. She is able to perform her activities of daily living independently.  

   Yes

   No

2 points   

QUESTION 13

1. Theory of aging that focuses on the atrophy of brain regions, especially the frontal cortex.

   		Slowed Processing
   		Transmission Deficit
   		Inhibition Deficit
   		Region-Specific Hypothesis

Answer 1

Answer 1- speaking more than one language may 1) contribute to increased grey matter in healthy younger and adults 2) delay cognitive symptoms in mild cognitive impairment (MCI) or Alzheimer disease.In areas related to language and cognitive control, both multilingual MCI and AD patients had thicker cortex than the monolinguals.

multilinguals and monolinguals were matched on memory functioning, means increased gray matter in these regions may provide support to memory functioning so being multilingual may contribute to increased gray matter in LCC areas and may delay the cognitive effects of disease-related atrophy.

Answer 2-normal ageing is accopaccomp by dendritic regression and spine loss.spine change may contribute to cognitive decline.as ageing,brain decreases in size due to loss of dendritic cells and spine.

Answer 4- absolutely ,this is a part of normal ageing .as age increase,memory becomes weak and there is memory impairment..this condition is aollicaapp when there is no underlying medical condition.If there is any underlying medical cause,then this memory loss could be due to Alzheimer's or dementia.

Answer 10- as age increase,the brain processing becomes slow and blood supply to brain is also decreased to the certain areas. There is decline in visual,hearing and sensory information processing. Comprehension that is speech and text also declines due to age.