What decisions would be difficult to take on the basis of just the information reported in their balance sheet?

Ticker Services began operations in 2015 and maintains long-term investments in available-for-sale securities. The year-end cost and fair values for its portfolio of these investments follow.

Prepare journal entries to record each year-end fair value adjustment for these securities.

Pittman Company is a small but growing manufacturer of telecommunications equipment. The company has no sales force of its own; rather, it relies completely on independent sales agents to market its products. These agents are paid a sales commission of 15% for all items sold.

Barbara Cheney, Pittman’s controller, has just prepared the company’s budgeted income statement for next year as follows:

*Primarily depreciation on storage facilities.

As Barbara handed the statement to Karl Vecci, Pittman’s president, she commented, “I went ahead and used the agents’ 15% commission rate in completing these statements, but we’ve just learned that they refuse to handle our products next year unless we increase the commission rate to 20%.”

“That’s the last straw,” Karl replied angrily. “Those agents have been demanding more and more, and this time they’ve gone too far. How can they possibly defend a 20% commission rate?”

“They claim that after paying for advertising, travel, and the other costs of promotion, there’s nothing left over for profit,” replied Barbara.

“I say it’s just plain robbery,” retorted Karl. “And I also say it’s time we dumped those guys and got our own sales force. Can you get your people to work up some cost figures for us to look at?”

“We’ve already worked them up,” said Barbara. “Several companies we know about pay a 7.5% commission to their own salespeople, along with a small salary. Of course, we would have to handle all promotion costs, too. We figure our fixed expenses would increase by $3,750,000 per year, but that would be more than offset by the $5,000,000 (20% × $25,000,000) that we would avoid on agents’ commissions.”

The breakdown of the $3,750,000 cost follows:

“Super,” replied Karl. “And I noticed that the $3,750,000 equals what we’re paying the agents under the old 15% commission rate.”

“It’s even better than that,” explained Barbara. “We can actually save $115,000 a year because that’s what we’re paying our auditors to check out the agents’ reports. So our overall administrative expenses would be less.”

“Pull all of these numbers together and we’ll show them to the executive committee tomorrow,” said Karl. “With the approval of the committee, we can move on the matter immediately.”

Required:

1. Compute Pittman Company’s break-even point in dollar sales for next year assuming:

a. The agents’ commission rate remains unchanged at 15%.

b. The agents’ commission rate is increased to 20%.

c. The company employs its own sales force.

2. Assume that Pittman Company decides to continue selling through agents and pays the 20% commission rate. Determine the dollar sales that would be required to generate the same net income as contained in the budgeted income statement for next year.

3. Determine the dollar sales at which net income would be equal regardless of whether Pittman Company sells through agents (at a 20% commission rate) or employs its own sales force.

4. Compute the degree of operating leverage that the company would expect to have at the end of next year assuming:

a. The agents’ commission rate remains unchanged at 15%.

b. The agents’ commission rate is increased to 20%.

c. The company employs its own sales force.

Use income before income taxes in your operating leverage computation.

Determine the dollar sales at which net income would be equal regardless of whether Pittman Company sells through agents (at a 20% commission rate) or employs its own sales force. (Do not round intermediate calculations.)

• 	Degree of Operating Leverage a. The agents’ commission rate remains unchanged at 15%. b. The agents’ commission rate is increased to 20%. c. The company employs its own sales force.

Product Costs and Product Profitability Reports, using a Single Plantwide Factory Overhead Rate

Isaac Engines Inc. produces three products—pistons, valves, and cams—for the heavy equipment industry. Isaac Engines has a very simple production process and product line and uses a single plantwide factory overhead rate to allocate overhead to the three products. The factory overhead rate is based on direct labor hours. Information about the three products for 20Y2 is as follows:

The estimated direct labor rate is $20 per direct labor hour. Beginning and ending inventories are negligible and are, thus, assumed to be zero. The budgeted factory overhead for Isaac Engines is $235,200.

If required, round all per unit answers to the nearest cent.

a. Determine the plantwide factory overhead rate.
$ per dlh

b. Determine the factory overhead and direct labor cost per unit for each product.

c. Use the information provided to construct a budgeted gross profit report by product line for the year ended December 31, 20Y2. Include the gross profit as a percent of sales in the last line of your report, rounded to one decimal place.

d. What does the report in (c) indicate to you?

Valves have the   gross profit as a percent of sales. Valves may require a   price or   cost to manufacture in order to achieve a higher profitability similar to the other two products.

Problem 08-3A Flexible budget preparation; computation of materials, labor, and overhead variances; and overhead variance report LO P1, P2, P3, P4

[The following information applies to the questions displayed below.]

Antuan Company set the following standard costs for one unit of its product.

The predetermined overhead rate ($18.50 per direct labor hour) is based on an expected volume of 75% of the factory’s capacity of 20,000 units per month. Following are the company’s budgeted overhead costs per month at the 75% capacity level.

The company incurred the following actual costs when it operated at 75% of capacity in October.

You have just been hired as a new management trainee by Earrings Unlimited, a distributor of earrings to various retail outlets located in shopping malls across the country. In the past, the company has done very little in the way of budgeting and at certain times of the year has experienced a shortage of cash. Since you are well trained in budgeting, you have decided to prepare a master budget for the upcoming second quarter. To this end, you have worked with accounting and other areas to gather the information assembled below.

The company sells many styles of earrings, but all are sold for the same price—$13 per pair. Actual sales of earrings for the last three months and budgeted sales for the next six months follow (in pairs of earrings):

The concentration of sales before and during May is due to Mother’s Day. Sufficient inventory should be on hand at the end of each month to supply 40% of the earrings sold in the following month.

Suppliers are paid $4.70 for a pair of earrings. One-half of a month’s purchases is paid for in the month of purchase; the other half is paid for in the following month. All sales are on credit. Only 20% of a month’s sales are collected in the month of sale. An additional 70% is collected in the following month, and the remaining 10% is collected in the second month following sale. Bad debts have been negligible.

Monthly operating expenses for the company are given below:

Insurance is paid on an annual basis, in November of each year.

The company plans to purchase $19,500 in new equipment during May and $47,000 in new equipment during June; both purchases will be for cash. The company declares dividends of $20,250 each quarter, payable in the first month of the following quarter.

The company’s balance sheet as of March 31 is given below:

The company maintains a minimum cash balance of $57,000. All borrowing is done at the beginning of a month; any repayments are made at the end of a month.

The company has an agreement with a bank that allows the company to borrow in increments of $1,000 at the beginning of each month. The interest rate on these loans is 1% per month and for simplicity we will assume that interest is not compounded. At the end of the quarter, the company would pay the bank all of the accumulated interest on the loan and as much of the loan as possible (in increments of $1,000), while still retaining at least $57,000 in cash.

Required:

Prepare a master budget for the three-month period ending June 30. Include the following detailed schedules:

1. a. A sales budget, by month and in total.

    b. A schedule of expected cash collections, by month and in total.

    c. A merchandise purchases budget in units and in dollars. Show the budget by month and in total.

    d. A schedule of expected cash disbursements for merchandise purchases, by month and in total.

2. A cash budget. Show the budget by month and in total. Determine any borrowing that would be needed to maintain the minimum cash balance of $57,000.

3. A budgeted income statement for the three-month period ending June 30. Use the contribution approach.

4. A budgeted balance sheet as of June 30.

Kitchen Supply, Inc. (KSI), manufactures three types of flatware: institutional, standard, and silver. It applies all indirect costs according to a predetermined rate based on direct labor-hours. A consultant recently suggested that the company switch to an activity-based costing system and prepared the following cost estimates for year 2 for the recommended cost drivers.

In addition, management estimated 7,100 direct labor-hours for year 2.

Assume that the following cost driver volumes occurred in January, year 2.

Actual labor costs were $16 per hour.

Required:

a.

(1) Compute a predetermined overhead rate for year 2 for each cost driver using the estimated costs and estimated cost driver units prepared by the consultant.
(2) Compute a predetermined rate for year 2 using direct labor-hours as the allocation base.

Processing orders: Rate per order?

Setting up Production: Rate per run?

Handling Materials: Rate per pound?

Using Machines: Rate per machine hour?

Performing Quality Control: Rate per Inspection?

Packing: Rate per unit?

a2. Predetermined Rate per direct labor-hour?

b. Compute the production costs for each product for January using direct labor-hours as the allocation base and the predetermined rate computed in requirement a(2).

Direct Labor for: Institutional? Standard? Silver?

Indirect Costs for: Instituional? Standard? Silver?

c. Compute the production costs for each product for January using the cost drivers recommended by the consultant and the predetermined rates computed in requirement a. (Note: Do not assume that total overhead applied to products in January will be the same for activity-based costing as it was for the labor-hour-based allocation.)

Institutional Standard Silver

Direct Labor?

Processing Orders?

Setting up Production?

Handling Materials?

Using Machines?

Performing Quality Control?

Packing?

What decisions on the basis of this information, including the same data for the previous period and possibly two years prior, can investors or shareholders take (focus on future growth, evolution of risk level, or volatility of future earnings and evolution of the 'time horizon of visibility' into the firm's future)?

Cain Components manufactures and distributes various plumbing products used in homes and other buildings. Over time, the production staff has noticed that products they considered easy to make were difficult to sell at margins considered reasonable, while products that seemed to take a lot of staff time were selling well despite recent price increases. A summer intern has suggested that the cost system might be providing misleading information.

The controller decided that a good summer project for the intern would be to develop, in one self-contained area of the plant, an alternative cost system with which to compare the current system. The intern identified the following cost pools and, after discussion with some plant personnel, appropriate cost drivers for each pool. There were:

In this particular area, Cain produces two of its many products: Standard and Deluxe. The following are data for production for the latest full year of operations.

Required:

a. The current cost accounting system charges overhead to products based on machine-hours. What unit product costs will be reported for the two products if the current cost system continues to be used?

Direct Costs: Standard? Deluxe?

Overhead: Standard? Deluxe?

Number of Units: Standard? Deluxe?

b. The intern suggests an ABC system using the cost drivers identified above. What unit product costs will be reported for the two products if the ABC system is used?

Direct Costs: Standard? Deluxe?

Receiving: Standard? Deluxe?

Manufacturing: Standard? Deluxe?

Machine Set Up: Standard? Deluxe?

Shipping: Standard? Deluxe?

Number of Units: Standard? Deluxe?

Christopher’s Custom Cabinet Company uses a job order cost system with overhead applied as a percentage of direct labor costs. Inventory balances at the beginning of 2016 follow:

The following transactions occurred during January:
(a) Purchased materials on account for $26,800.
(b) Issued materials to production totaling $21,000, 90 percent of which was traced to specific jobs and the remainder of which was treated as indirect materials.
(c) Payroll costs totaling $18,400 were recorded as follows:
    $10,100 for assembly workers
     2,500 for factory supervision
     2,700 for administrative personnel
      3,100 for sales commissions
(d) Recorded depreciation: $5,000 for machines, $1,100 for the copier used in the administrative office.
(e) Recorded $1,800 of expired insurance. Forty percent was insurance on the manufacturing facility, with the remainder classified as an administrative expense.
(f) Paid $5,600 in other factory costs in cash.
(g) Applied manufacturing overhead at a rate of 200 percent of direct labor cost.
(h) Completed all jobs but one; the job cost sheet for this job shows $2,200 for direct materials, $2,100 for direct labor, and $4,200 for applied overhead.
(i) Sold jobs costing $50,200. The revenue earned on these jobs was $65,260.

Required:
1. Set up T-accounts, record the beginning balances, post the January transactions, and compute the final balance for the following accounts: (Post all amounts separately. Do not combine/add any dollar amounts when posting to the t-accounts.)

1. Raw Materials Inventory.
2. Work in Process Inventory.
3. Finished Goods Inventory.
4. Cost of Goods Sold.
5. Selling, General, and Administrative Expenses.
6. Sales Revenue.
7. Other accounts (Cash, Payables, etc.).

2. Determine how much gross profit the company would report during the month of January before any adjustment is made for the overhead balance.



3. Determine the amount of over- or underapplied overhead.



4. Compute adjusted gross profit assuming that any over- or underapplied overhead balance is adjusted directly to Cost of Goods Sold.

Please Answer in Detail

Question 01: Qualitative characteristics of accounting information relates to the second level of conceptual framework. Discuss in detail, the primary qualitative characteristics relating to the content and presentation of information with particular emphasis to their importance.

.

Question 02: Financial statements prepared under historical cost convention do not have regard for changes in price levels and therefore do not reflect financial realities. Discuss six limitations that statements prepared by historical cost accounting possess that reduce their utility to the users.

Bob Stone, Inc., budgets the following amounts for its Buildings & Grounds and Computer Services Departments in servicing each other and the two manufacturing divisions of Signs and Mailers:  

If you are using the step down method to allocate support department costs which of the support departments would you allocate the costs from second:

Kingbird Corporation was organized on January 1, 2017. It is authorized to issue 9,600 shares of 8%, $100 par value preferred stock, and 501,500 shares of no-par common stock with a stated value of $1 per share. The following stock transactions were completed during the first year.

Prepare the journal entries to record the above transactions. (Credit account titles are automatically indented when amount is entered. Do not indent manually. If no entry is required, select "No Entry" for the account titles and enter 0 for the amounts.)

Stamboul Company lists the following condensed balance sheet as of the beginning of 2016:

Stamboul is considering the impact of various types of dividends on this balance sheet. Each dividend would be declared and paid in 2016. These include:

Required: