1. What Companies created each of these methodologies (Lean and Six Sigma) and approximately what date?
2. Define “Lean” and “Six Sigma” and identify the purpose or goal of each in their most fundamental terms.
3. What is “Lean Six Sigma”?
4. What is the basic methodology used in Lean versus the basic methodology used in Six Sigma?
5. What are the major tools used by Lean versus by Six Sigma?
6. Identify a company that has implemented, Lean and report a significant quantitative measure of improvement.
7. Identify a company that has implemented, Six Sigma and report a significant quantitative measure of improvement.
8. Identify a company that has implemented, Lean Six Sigma and report a significant quantitative measure of improvement.

Question 11

Pronghorn Corporation was organized on January 1, 2020. It is authorized to issue 11,000 shares of 8%, $100 par value preferred stock, and 498,000 shares of no-par common stock with a stated value of $2 per share. The following stock transactions were completed during the first year.

*Journalize the transactions. (Record journal entries in the order presented in the problem. Credit account titles are automatically indented when amount is entered. Do not indent manually.)

*Post to the stockholders’ equity accounts. (Post entries in the order of journal entries presented in the previous part.)

*Prepare the paid-in capital section of stockholders’ equity at December 31, 2020. (Enter the account name only and do not provide the descriptive information provided in the question.)

GrandSlam, Inc., incurred the following costs during March: Selling expenses $ 158,400 Direct labor 284,000 Interest expense 41,200 Manufacturing overhead, actual 130,940 Raw materials used 482,000 Administrative expenses 119,400 During the month, 19,800 units of product were manufactured and 10,900 units of product were sold. On March 1, GrandSlam, Inc., carried no inventories. On March 31, there were no inventories for raw materials or work in process. Required:

a. Calculate the cost of goods manufactured during March and the average cost per unit of product manufactured. (Round "Average cost per unit" to 2 decimal places.)

b. Calculate the cost of goods sold during March. (Round "Average cost per unit" to 2 decimal places.)

c-1. Calculate the difference between cost of goods manufactured and cost of goods sold. (Round "Average cost per unit" to 2 decimal places.)

c-2. How will this amount be reported in the financial statements? Finished goods inventory Raw materials inventory Work in progress inventory

d. Prepare a traditional (absorption) income statement for GrandSlam, Inc., for the month of June. Assume that sales for the month were $1,031,000 and the company's effective income tax rate was 30%. (Round "Average cost per unit" to 2 decimal places.)

The following selected accounts appear in the ledger of Parks Construction Inc. at the beginning of the current year:

During the year, the corporation completed a number of transactions affecting the stockholders' equity. They are summarized as follows:

1. Issued 80,000 shares of common stock at $21, receiving cash.
2. Issued 13,000 shares of preferred 2% stock at $116.
3. Purchased 48,000 shares of treasury common for $20 per share.
4. Sold 24,000 shares of treasury common for $23 per share.
5. Sold 16,000 shares of treasury common for $18 per share.
6. Declared cash dividends of $2.00 per share on preferred stock and $0.10 per share on common stock.
7. Paid the cash dividends.

Journalize the entries to record the transactions.

For a compound transaction, if an amount box does not require an entry, leave it blank.

Required:

a. Issued 80,000 shares of common stock at $21, receiving cash.

b. Issued 13,000 shares of preferred 2% stock at $116.

c. Purchased 48,000 shares of treasury common for $20 per share.

d. Sold 24,000 shares of treasury common for $23 per share.

e. Sold 16,000 shares of treasury common for $18 per share.

f. Declared cash dividends of $2.00 per share on preferred stock and $0.10 per share on common stock.

g. Paid the cash dividends.

How would you weigh the time value of money? Is there something in your life, financial or otherwise, that you would have paid in advance for a better return later? How much? How long would you be willing to wait for that return? What would be an acceptable return?

Costing systems provide information that is used for a large variety of business decisions including planning production of goods and services, pricing products, and controlling associated costs of production. Thus, the choice of an appropriate costing system is a key underlying foundation for good decision making. In a written response address the following questions: 1.In what type of situation would a company use multiple cost accounting systems? 2.What factors should a company take into consideration in deciding whether to use job order costing or process costing? 3.Describe two products or services that might use both process and job order costing methods to determine the cost of a finished unit.

Describe the differences between managerial and financial accounting. Include discussion on the differences as they relate to the primary users of the information and whether they are both required to follow the Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP).

Also include a discussion on the principal differences between activity-based costing (ABC) and traditional product costing?

Assume Bella Donna’s General Store bought, on credit, a truckload of merchandise from American Wholesaling costing $1,610. The company paid $104 in transportation cost to National Trucking to deliver the merchandise to Bella Donna. Bella Donna immediately returned goods to American Wholesaling costing $540, and then took advantage of American Wholesaling’s 1/10, n/30 purchase discount. When Bella Donna pays American Wholesale within the discount period, the debit to accounts payable will be $______.

Equivalent Units and Product Cost Report—FIFO Method

In its first month's operations (January 2016), Allred Company's Department 1 incurred charges of $165,000 for direct materials (10,000 units), $70,000 for direct labor, and $84,700 for manufacturing overhead. At month-end, 8,800 units had been finished and transferred out. The remaining units were finished with respect to material but only 25% complete with respect to conversion costs.

Assuming Allred uses the FIFO method and that materials are added at the beginning of the process and conversion costs occur evenly, compute the following:

b. The cost per equivalent unit for material and conversion.

c. The total cost assigned to the units transferred out.

d. The total cost assigned to the ending inventory.

e. Prove that your solutions to requirements (c) and (d) sum to the total costs to be accounted for.

M7-8 Calculating Cost of Goods Available for Sale, Cost of Goods Sold, and Ending Inventory under Periodic FIFO, LIFO, and Weighted Average Cost [LO 7-3]

Mullet Technologies is considering whether or not to refund a $75 million, 15% coupon, 30-year bond issue that was sold 5 years ago. It is amortizing $9 million of flotation costs on the 15% bonds over the issue's 30-year life. Mullet's investment banks have indicated that the company could sell a new 25-year issue at an interest rate of 9% in today's market. Neither they nor Mullet's management anticipate that interest rates will fall below 9% any time soon, but there is a chance that rates will increase.

A call premium of 7% would be required to retire the old bonds, and flotation costs on the new issue would amount to $7 million. Mullet's marginal federal-plus-state tax rate is 40%. The new bonds would be issued 1 month before the old bonds are called, with the proceeds being invested in short-term government securities returning 4% annually during the interim period.

1. Conduct a complete bond refunding analysis. What is the bond refunding's NPV? Do not round intermediate calculations. Round your answer to the nearest cent

   $ _____

2. What factors would influence Mullet's decision to refund now rather than later? (100 words or 4 bullet points)

   _____________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

Inventory Turnover and days’ sales in inventory

Kroger, Sprouts Farmers Market, Inc., and Whole Foods Markets, Inc. are three grocery chains in the United States. Inventory management is an important aspect of the grocery retail business. Recent balance sheets for these three companies indicated the following merchandise inventory (in millions) information:

a. & b. Determine the inventory turnover and the number of days’ sales in inventory (use 365 days and round to one decimal place) for the three companies. Round all interim calculations to one decimal place. For days' sales in inventory, round final answers to the nearest day, and for inventory turnover, round to two decimal places.

c. The inventory turnover ratios and days’ sales in inventory are similar  for Kroger and Sprouts. Whole Foods has a higher  inventory turnover and a lower days’ sales in inventory than Kroger and Sprouts. These results suggest that Kroger and Sprouts are less  efficient than Whole Foods in managing inventory.

d. If Kroger had Whole Foods’ days’ sales in inventory, how much additional cash flow would have been generated from the smaller inventory relative to its actual average inventory position? Round interim calculations to one decimal place and your final answer to the nearest million.
$ million

Russell Company is a pesticide manufacturer. Its sales declined greatly this year due to the passage of legislation outlawing the sale of several of Russell’s chemical pesticides. In the coming year, Russell will have environmentally safe and competitive chemicals to replace these discontinued products. Sales in the next year are expected to greatly exceed any prior years. The decline in sales and profits appears to be a one-year aberration. Even so, the company president fears a large dip in the current year’s profits. He believes that such a dip could cause a significant drop in the market price of Russell’s stock and make the company a takeover target.

To avoid this possibility, the company president calls in Zoe Baas, controller, to discuss this period’s year-end adjusting entries. He urges her to accrue every possible revenue and to defer as many expenses as possible. He says to Zoe, “We need the revenues this year, and next year can easily absorb expenses deferred from this year. We can’t let our stock price be hammered down!” Zoe didn’t get around to recording the adjusting entries until January 17, but she dated the entries December 31 as if they were recorded then. Zoe also made every effort to comply with the president’s request.

1. Who are the stakeholders in this situation?
2. What are the ethical considerations of (a) the president’s request and (b) Zoe dating the adjusting entries December 31?
3. Can Zoe accrue revenues, defer expenses, and still be ethical?
4. Can Zoe’s accrued revenues and deferred expenses be illegal?
5. Who do you think can discover Zoe’s accrued revenues and deferred expenses?