Question

the morphological changes that occurs in an organ determine the clinical features, course, and prognosis of the disease discuss

Answer 1

Thr morphological changes in any organ affects it in every way as possible. For example in case of Barrett's esophagus:-

It is a complication of chronic gastroesophageal reflux disease, that is characterized by intestinal metaplasia within the esophageal squamous epithelium. Chronic Gastroesophageal reflux disease cause the reflux of acid from the stomach into the esophagus because of defective lower esophageal sphincter. The acid damages the squamous epithelium of the esophagus. For protection, the esophagus changes its epithelium from the squamous to columnar epithelium. Columnar epithelium is resistant to the action of acid.

It is seen as one or several tongues or patches of red, velvety mucosa extending upward from the gastroesophageal junction. Microscopically, intestinal metaplasia is seen as replacement of the squamous esophageal epithelium with goblet cells.

Clinical features-- heart burn, regurgitation, indigestion, chronic cough, hoarseness, etc which are otherwise not present in the normal squamous epithelium.

Course:- It can lead to esophageal adenocarcinoma. First of all, it leads to dysplasia (which is the abnormal development of cells in the tissue), which further leads to carcinoma in situ and then full carcinoma. Potentially oncogenic mutations are detected in 0.2-2% of persons with Barret's esophagus.

Prognosis:- is good, but worse than the normal epithelium. If the person develops carcinoma of esophagus, only treatment available is the esophagectomy.