Question

When answering the following questions, explain the relationship to critical infrastructure protection.

Describe five of the 11 transportation infrastructure in terms of risk and protection - roads, railways, walkways, bridges and tunnels, stations, airports, air routes, waterways, ports, cycling infrastructure, and living streets.

Answer 1

1. ROADS

The main risk factors for road traffic injuries are-

Risk factors influencing crash involvement

— inappropriate and excessive speed

— presence of alcohol, medicinal or recreational drugs

— fatigue

— travelling in darkness

— vehicle factors – such as braking, handling and maintenance;

— defects in road design, layout and maintenance, which can also lead to unsafe behavior by road users

— poor eyesight of road users

Factors influencing exposure to risk

— economic factors such as level of economic development and social deprivation

— demographic factors such as age and sex

— mixture of high-speed motorized traffic with vulnerable road users

Risk factors influencing crash severity

— inappropriate or excessive speed

— seat-belts and child restraints not used

— crash-helmets not worn by users of two-wheeled vehicles

— roadside objects not crash-protective

— presence of alcohol and other drugs.

PREVANTION ARE-

Safe roads-removal of poles from road sides and construction of road barriers

Enforcing speed limits and other road rules- signage, speed cameras and use of radar, double demerit points deducted in some states during peak travel times

Safer cars- air bags, ABS brakes, mandatory vehicle registration

Traffic signals and roundabouts.

2.RAILWAY

Risk are-

Collisions between trains

Collisions of trains with objects

Derailment

Collison of trains with road vehicles

Persons hit by train

Slips, trips, falls

Fire or explosion

Flood

Structural failures

Prevention are-

Installation and management of boundary fencing and signage.

Maintenance, upgrade or closure of footpath and level crossings

Clear signs at level crossing which give users instructions on how to use the crossing safely

Maintenance and improvement of railway equipment and railway structures, such as bridges

3.WALKWAYS

Risk are Fall and Slip

Fall

The slips and trips frequently lead to falls.

The falls occur when the body shifts too far, throwing off one’s center of balance.

In this case a person is injured by the exchange of energy between the person falling and the objects upon which he or she is falling.

Slip

Slip represents the loss of balance caused by too little friction or traction between a person’s feet and the walkway.

Slip occurs when there is a contaminant on the walkway and a person’s heel or foot strikes the item on the walkway surface resulting in the foot slipping.

Examples of contaminants includes wet floors, oil or grease spills, ice, snow, or mud; loose carpet, tile, or matting; and flooring or other walking surfaces that do not have the same degree of traction in all areas.

Prevention are-

Presence of enough slip resistance in order to avoid slip and fall.

By keeping walkway clean always.

4.AIRPORTS

Sno	Risk Issue	Protection Measures	Actions
1	Aircraft crash incidents	Emergency Plans	Review and update Airport emergency plans for parallel runway operation
2	Bird strike	Bird and Animal Hazard Management Strategy	Review and update Airport bird management strategy for parallel runway operation. Develop bird management strategy for reclamation and construction activities
3	Hazards posed to infrastructure and surrounding areas	Emergency Plans	Review and update Airport emergency plans for parallel runway operation.
4	General operational and construction hazards	Establish appropriate management plans for the construction phase.	Review and upgrade Airport security plans for the large construction phase.

5.PORTS

(i)CHEMICAL AGENTS

Risk are-

Adverse health effects e.g. respiratory problems

Fire

Death

Possible causes are-

Dusty cargoes or respiratory sensitizer’s.

Flammable, toxic, poisonous or corrosive cargoes.

Fumigated cargoes.

Gases due to decomposition or bacterial action of some cargoes.

Vehicle exhaust emissions.

Prevention- By proper cleaning of cargoes and inspection of flammable, toxic or corrosive cargoes at regular interval.

(ii)ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS

Risk

Increased risk of an accident or incident.

Possible causes are-

Weather: - Excessive cold or wet weather can reduce concentration and make manual tasks more difficult.

The tidal movements can have an effect on the safety of access to ships and increase the risk of collision between dockside equipment and the vessel.

Prevention- By wearing proper clothes according to weather.

(iii)LIFTING OPERATIONS

Risk

Serious injury or death due to being hit by falling or moving object.

Possible causes are-

Loose, incorrectly or poorly slung fittings and fixtures.

Unstable or poorly loaded cargo.

Prevention- By proper inspection of slung fittings and fixtures at regular intervals.