Question

In prokaryotes, transcription and translation takes place in the _________________________.

In Eukaryotes, transcription takes place in _______________________.

The regions of genes that code for proteins are called _____________________.

The regions of genes that do not code for proteins are called _____________________.

6. Mutation p.191, 10^th ed.

What is a mutation? _____________________________________________________________________

What is the difference between Spontaneous mutation and induced mutation?

Protein Synthesis – Kinds of RNA

5. List the three types of RNA and describe an important property of each:

Kind of RNA	One important property
a.
b.
c.

DNA Replication

4. The enzyme that break the hydrogen bonds of the 2 DNA strands: _____________________

     The enzyme that builds the new DNA strand complementary to the original DNA is called ____________________.

     Short DNA segments called Okazaki fragments are joined together by the enzyme called ____________________.

3. List the three molecular processes involved in the transfer of DNA and describe each.

   a.)

   b.)

   c.)

1. What is a nucleoid? -________________________________________________________

Describe supercoiling. ________________________________________________________________

List one purpose of supercoiling in bacteria. ___________________________________________

The average microbial genome size is ________________________________.

=

2. DNA structure of Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes

Organization of chromosomes in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes:

Feature or characteristic	Prokaryotes (p.174, 10th ed)	Eukaryotes
Number of chromosomes?
Shape of DNA?
Location of DNA?
Presence of plasmids?

Answer 1

In prokaryotes, transcription and translation takes place in the cytoplasm

In Eukaryotes, transcription takes place in nucleus

The regions of genes that code for proteins are called exons

The regions of genes that do not code for proteins are called introns

6. Mutation is a change in the DNA sequence either due to environmental factors or DNA copying errors occurred during cell division.

Spontaneous mutation

• Arises naturally
• not due to exposure to mutagens
• caused from errors in DNA replication
• important in forward genetics

induced mutation

• occurs due to exposure to mutagen
• Due to base damage, base mispairing or incorporation off base analogs
• Important in reverse genetics

5. RNA

a)mRNA - Messenger RNA Caries information for protein synthesis

b)tRNA - transfer RNA carry amino acids to ribosomes during protein synthesis

c)rRNA - ribosomal RNA assemble amino acids in specific order to make protein .

4.
The enzyme that break the hydrogen bonds of the 2 DNA strands: Helicase

The enzyme that builds the new DNA strand complementary to the original DNA is called DNA polymerase

Short DNA segments called Okazaki fragments are joined together by the enzyme called DNA ligase

3. 3 molecular processes involved in the transfer of DNA

a) transformation- Transfer OH naked DNA molecule

b) transduction - transfer mediated by bacteriophage (virus)

c) conjugation - direct transfer through physical contact.

1.

nucleoid : Region in a prokaryotic cell, which contain most of its genetic material.

Supercoiling : It is the process of underwinding or overwinding of DNA.

Purpose of supercoiling : Long DNA strands can be packed into small nucleus by supercoiling.

average microbial genome size = 3.87 Mb