Question

Part II: The Muscular System

1. List the three types of muscle in the human body.

a.  

b.  

c.  

2. Explain what distinguishes skeletal muscle from the other two types of muscles.

3. Describe the function of a tendon.

4. Define the following terms.

a. Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP):

b. Creatine phosphate (CP):

5. When we say “aerobic” what element is required?

6. During exercise, friction between muscle fibers generates heat. What are two ways the body reduces this heat?

7. Explain what myoglobin is.

8. Define the following terms:

a. Muscle Hypertrophy

b. Muscle Atrophy

9. Contrast a muscle origin and a muscle insertion.

10. Complete the following table.

Muscle	Where One Would Find It
frontalis
rectus abdominis
trapezius
gluteus maximus
orbicularis oculi
deltoid
biceps brachii
pectoralis major

11. When you are lying on the floor and contract your rectus abdominus muscles, what exercise are you performing?

12. Describe what it means

a. When a muscle is called Biceps:

b. When a muscle is called Triceps:

c. When a muscle is called Quadriceps:

Part III: The Skeletal System

13. Describe an Osteocyte.

14. When speaking about long bones:

a. What is the diaphysis?

b. What is the epiphysis?

15. Contrast a compact (dense) bone and a Spongy (trabecullar) bone.  Describe where onewould find each type in the skeleton.

16. Name what is located in the hollow shaft of long bones.

17. Complete the following table.

List the Three Cell Types in Bone Tissue	List Each Cell Type’s Function
1.
2.
3.

18. What is the difference between Intramembranous ossification and endochondral ossification?

19. First, explain what calcitriol is. Second, explain what it does.

20. Describe the relationship between PTH (parathyroid hormone) and Calcitonin.

21. Define the following terms:

a. Osteopenia?

b. Osteoporosis?

22. Complete the following sentence: The two main divisions of the Skeletal System are

  and   .

23. List the 8 Cranial Bones.

a.  

b.  

c.  

d.  

e.  

f.  

g.  

h.   

24. Complete the following table.

Term	Definition/Location
Maxilla
Mandible
Zygomatic bone
Lacrimal bones
Hyoid bone

25. List the number of vertebrae as specified in the Vertebral column:

a. Total number of vertebrae:

b. Number of Cervical vertebrae:

c. Number of Thoracic vertebrae:

d. Number of Lumbar vertebrae:

26. What is the Sacrum? What is the Coccyx?

27. The     bones are called the Atlas and the Axis.

28. The three main parts of the Thoracic Cage are   ,   ,

and   .

29. Part I: How many True ribs are there?

Part II: How many false ribs are there?

Part III: Why are false ribs referred to as “false?”

30. List the three parts of the Sternum.

a.  

b.  

c.  

31. Complete the table.

Item	Where it is Located?
Pectoral Girdle
Carpal bones
Metacarples
Pelvic Girdle

32. What are Phalanges?

33. Describe the coxal bones. Then explain what three bones are fused to make up the coxal bones.

34. List the two bones of the leg:

a.  

b.  

35. Complete the following sentences. Tarsals are   .

Meta Tarsals are   .

36. What is the calcaneus?

37. What does Diarthrosis mean?

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Answer 1

1)The three types of muscles in human body are cardiac muscles, smooth muscles and skeletal muscles.

Cardiac muscle or myocardium is an involuntary, striated muscle type that is found in the walls of the heart. It helps the pumping of blood through involuntary movements.

Smooth muscle is muscles in hollow organs such as stomach, uterus, intestines, respiratory tracts etc. They are involuntary muscles with no striations.

Skeletal muscles are a striated and voluntary muscle that is attached to bones. It helps in the movement of body parts. Eg: Biceps brachii, triceps brachii etc.

2)The skeletal muscles are voluntary muscles and are found in bones attached by tendons. It can respond to any conscious stimulus to help movements of body parts. It has long muscle fibers that run along the entire length of muscle which are unbranched and formed by thousands of precursor cells. So the ends of these are hard to view during microscopic examination. They are striated muscles. Cardiac muscles are found in heart and are involuntary. They have distinctive ends and are branched.Smooth muscles are not striated muscles and are involuntary. They have tapered edges and are found in hollow organs.

3)Tendons are connective tissue that are made of mostly collagen and are bright white in color. They can withstand large mechanical forces. Each muscle contains two tendons, one located proximally and one located distally. The attaching points between a tendon and muscle is called musculotendinous junction and between bones and tenson is called osteotendinous junction. It helps transmit the forces generated in muscles to the bones. It helps to stabilize the joints. It has the highest tensile strengths that helps withstand stresses in muscular contractions. Tendon also attaches to a small eye muscle. Eye movement is possible with the muscles and tendons that are attached to the eye.

4) a)Adenosine Triphosphate or ATP is an organic compound that is the energy unit present in all biological systems. It is a nucleotide that is a carrier of energy and this energy is used for all the cellular activities. When converted to Adenosine di phosphate (ADP) it releases energy. So it is known as the ‘molecular unit of currency’. It has an adenine base with three phosphate groups.

b)Creatine phosphate or phosphocreatine (CP) is a molecule of phosphorylated creatine that can store energy in the phosphate bonds. Any excess ATP is transferred to creatine to store this energy and helps to create ADP so that ATP can be regenerated. The muscle cells make use of this to store the energy so that muscle cells can use it as needed. It does this by anaerobically donating its phosphate group to ADP to form ATP and is a quick reaction.

5) The element needed in aerobic is oxygen. All living organisms require a form of respiration to survive. The aerobic method uses oxygen to produce energy and anaerobic does not require oxygen for producing energy.

6)During exercise increased calcium leads to sustained muscle contractions and this causes generation of heat. This heat is reduced by sweating and dilation of blood vessels. Sweating helps reduce body temperature by releasing moisture to the skin surface. The dilation of blood vessels or vasodilation is the process of widening the blood vessels so that blood flow through the vessels are increased causing more heat to be carried to the skin and thus loss of heat occurs.

7)Myoglobin is a monomeric protein that can bind iron and oxygen. It is normally found in muscle cells of animals It receives oxygen from red blood cells and can transport to the muscle cells that can be used for cellular respiration.