Question

 

• Understand how resistance emerges.

• Know mechanisms of antibiotic killing.

• How do bacteria acquire antibiotic resistance and how does antibiotic resistance spread through a bacterial population?

• How are antibiotic resistant bacteria spread through a community of people?

• Describe ways in which antibiotics have been misused and how they have contributed to the rise in antibiotic resistance.

• Describe the four different mechanisms of antibiotic resistance and give examples of each, including specifically how they confer antibiotic resistance.

Answer 1

Understand how resistance emerges.

it develops through the natural process of evolution. during the first time, few bacteria may be drug-resistant, but due to the presence of antibiotics all antibiotics bacteria will die and resistant bacteria will grow and will reach in more number day by day.whereever this antibiotic is used drug-resistant bacteria occur therefore only used this when it is needed. doctors only prescribe antibiotics for bacterial infections.it is very hard to reduce the number of drug-resistant bacteria because they transfer the resistance to other microbes

Know the mechanisms of antibiotic killing.

• before the antibiotic reach the target it needs to be stopped we have to pump the antibiotic out of the cell
• we have to decrease the quality of membrane that surrounds the bacteria cell
• we have to destroy antibiotic because there are bacterial enzymes that can inactivate antibiotics.
• we have to modify the target of the antibiotics
• changing the structure of the target can stop antibiotics from interacting with the target.

Sometimes bacteria can produce a different structure it needs so the antibiotic is not able to interact with this type of cell wall

How do bacteria acquire antibiotic resistance and how does antibiotic resistance spread through a bacterial population?

the bacteria will pass through  genetic material back and forth from one bacteria to another through plasmids

How are antibiotic-resistant bacteria spread through a community of people?

when we give antibiotics to the animals Antibiotic resistance may develop. this resistant bacteria will affect humans and animals while it spreads due to poor hygiene. Resistant bacteria spread to the environment and food through water contaminated., when an antibiotic is given to a person in a hospital or ina community the Antibiotic resistance may develop. and this resistant bacteria will spread to other people through poor hygiene.it can also spread through water, soil, and air.

Describe ways in which antibiotics have been misused and how they have contributed to the rise in antibiotic resistance.

• Over-prescription of antibiotics
• the entire antibiotic course is not finished by patients
• Overuse of antibiotics in animals
• Poor hygiene and sanitation
• no new antibiotics are discovered

Describe the four different mechanisms of antibiotic resistance and give examples of each, including specifically how they confer antibiotic resistance.

1. modification of the antibiotic;
2. modification in the target site of the antibiotic that reduces its binding capacity;
3. modification of metabolic pathways
4. decreasing intracellular antibiotic accumulation by decreasing permeability