Question

How the voice is digitized and packetized?

What is conversation traffic and control traffic?

What are the components of IP Telephony system?

Brief on voice compression and coding techniques.

Answer 1

How the voice is digitized and packetized?

Ans: ADC (analog to digital converter) helps in translating the analog voice into digital data by sampling the sound. Sampling is directly proportional to the quality of sound. It samples or digitizes the sound by taking precise measurements of the wave at frequency intervals. After the conversion from analog to digital, these digital signals are packetized. The sampling equipments are broken down into 8 binary bits in each byte into two parts; a + (positive) or – (negative) indicator and numeric value representation. The first bit is 1 which indicates a positive value. The rest 7 bits present number 52 that would be digital value used for one voice sample. As per Nyquist theorem, 8000 of samples every second is required, with 8 bits in each sample comes to 64,000 bits per second. And an uncompressed audio/G.711 audio codec also requires 64 Kbps. Once the sampling process is complete the router is used to place in a packet for transmission over a network.

What is conversation traffic and control traffic?

Ans: Control traffic is a process of managing,controlling or reducing the network traffic, particularly Internet bandwidth, e.g. by the network scheduler. It is used by network administrators, to reduce congestion, latency and packet loss.

Conversation traffic is a process of establishing a conversation between two systems in order to reduce traffic thereby shifting the load from one channel to another channel which is vacant. This can either be a manual or an automatic approach. These type of traffic normally uses conversation filter to choose which packet to shift and which not to.

What are the components of IP Telephony system?

Ans

• IP infrastructure
• IP phones
• Video Telephony option
• Call- Processing Engine
• Applications
• Voice Gateway to the PSTN

Brief on voice compression and coding techniques.

Ans:

Voice compression and coding techniques are used to compress voice signals and can be based on sampling or on signal processing of voice sequences.

Voice is the most important medium to be transmitted in a conference-like application. In order to be able to successfully transmit audio through a low bandwidth network, however, one needs to compress it, so that its required bandwidth is manageable.

We can consider the example of strings of a guitar, which vibrate when stroked upon. The pressure waves follow a pattern named wave form and occur repeatedly at regular intervals of time. Such intervals are called a period.

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