Question

In: Chemistry

a. Label and give the name for the the major functional groups in the DNA molecule?...

a. Label and give the name for the the major functional groups in the DNA molecule?

b. Functional groups are sites where chemical reactions take place. Using your knowledge of basic organic reactions, think about some possible reactions (e.g. SN2, E1, E2, SN1, etc.) that can occur at each of the functional groups in the DNA molecule?

c. Label the functional groups in the DNA molecule as hydrophobic or hydrophilic? Is the overall DNA molecule generally classified as hydrophobic or hydrophilic? Explain your prediction.

d. Discuss the type of bonding (e.g. ionic, covalent, coordinate covalent, hydrogen bonding, polar covalent, non-polar covalent, etc.) at each functional group within the DNA molecule

e. Label the hybridization (e.g. sp3, sp2, sp, etc.) for the central atom within each functional group in the DNA molecule?

f. Label the bond angle around the central atom in each major functional group within the DNA molecule?

g. Label the geometry of each central atom for each central atom in each functional group in the DNA molecule.

h. Label the major sites in the functional groups in the DNA molecule as acidic, basic or neutral and then label them as nucleophilic, electrophilic sites as well.

Expert Solution

(A) DNA or Deoxyribonucleic acid has a helical structure where two strands are attached to each other by combinations of nitrogenous bases. DNA consists of a phosphate group, sugar group and nitrogenous bases. The major functional groups in DNA are:

Hydroxyl (-OH)
Methyl (-CH₃)
Carbonyl (-CO)
Carboxylic (-COOH)
Phosphate (-PO₄^-2)
Amino (-NH₂)
Sulfadryl (-SH)

(b)

Fuctional Groups	Reaction Type
Hydroxyl	Substitution, Elimination
Methyl	Substitution
Carbonyl	Substitution
Carboxylic	Oxidation
Amine	Substitution, Elimination

(C)

Fuctional Groups	Hydro-philic/phobic
Hydroxyl	Polar and hydrophilic
Methyl	Non-polar, hydrophobic
Carbonyl	Polar, hydrophilic
Carboxylic	Polar, acidic and hydrophilic
Amine	Polar, basic and hydrophilic
Phosphates	Polar, acidic and hydrophilic

DNA molecule as a whole is hydrophilic. The backbone of the DNA is formed by the sugar moeity and phosphate molecule which are hydrophilic. The nitrogen bases are hydrophobic but are protected by a hydrophilic layer making the whole molecule hydrophilic.

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