Question

Objective

Identify ethics theories used in business

Categorize theories of ethics

Apply theories of ethics to business situations

Overview

Students will use research methods and apply critical thinking to create a taxonomy of germinal theories and principles of ethics.

Instructions

In this assignment, you will use the Internet, books, or any other method of research to create a taxonomy (chart) of ethical theories and principles and provide examples to apply the theory.

The taxonomy should include a minimum of 5 ethical theories or principles and include: the name of the theory or ethical principle, the author, the year/era the theory was conceptualized, and an example of the theory’s application.

Example:

Theory	Era and Author	Definition	Example
EMOTIVISM .	[S. L. Stevenson] Influenced by the growth of analytic philosophy and logical positivism logical in the 20th century	Says moral judgments are mere expressions of emotion.	To say, “the garden is beautiful!!” It’s a mere expression of emotion it’s not a right or wrong statement. Your interpretation of whether you feel it is or isn’t beautiful is what draws one to try and sway the others opinion to be similar.

Step 1 – Research and select five theories or principles of ethics.

Step 2 – Open Microsoft Word and create a table

Your table should have 4 columns and 6 rows

Include the following columns: Theory, Era and Author, Definition, and Example

Step 3 – Add information about the theories you’ve selected to your document.

Answer 1

Theory	ERA AND AUTHOR	DEFINITION	EXAMPLE
Utilitarianism	a tradition stemming from the late 18th- and 19th-century English philosophers and economists Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill	ethical theory which states that the best action is the one that maximizes utility. an action is right if it tends to promote happiness and wrong if it tends to produce the reverse of happiness—not just the happiness of the performer of the action but also that of everyone affected by it.	Imagine there is a trolley heading toward a group of 5 workers on the tracks. You are sitting in a control center several miles away, and you have a button that can switch the trolley onto another track where there’s only 1 worker. If you flip the switch, one person will die. If you do nothing, 5 people will die. In surveys, most people in America and Britain say yes. 1 death is better than 5 deaths, so if you have to choose, you should try to minimize the loss of life by flipping the switch
Categorical Imperative	Immanuel Kant, Introduced in Kant's 1785 Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals, it may be defined as a way of evaluating motivations for action	objective, rationally necessary and unconditional principle that we must always follow despite any natural desires or inclinations we may have to the contrary. it asks us to behave in a rational way that would be rational for anyone. If it is right for me to defend myself when attacked, then it is right for everyone to defend themselves in self defense.	Fr example-“If I wish to quench my thirst, I must drink something” defined an imperative as any proposition declaring a certain action (or inaction) to be necessary.
Eudaimonia	In his Nicomachean Ethics (§21; 1095a15–22), Aristotle says that everyone agrees that eudaimonia is the highest good for human beings, but that there is substantial disagreement on what sort of life counts as doing and living well	a state of having a good indwelling spirit or being in a contented state of being healthy, happy and prosperous. In moral philosophy, eudaimonia is used to refer to the right actions as those that result in the well-being of an individual. In this case, well-being becomes an essential value.	For example-eudaimon life is a life which is objectively desirable, and means living well, is not saying very much
EMOTIVISM	[S. L. Stevenson] Influenced by the growth of analytic philosophy and logical positivism logical in the 20th century	Says moral judgments are mere expressions of emotion	To say, “the garden is beautiful!!” It’s a mere expression of emotion it’s not a right or wrong statement. Your interpretation of whether you feel it is or isn’t beautiful is what draws one to try and sway the others opinion to be similar.
Deontological	Deontological was first used in this way in 1930, in the book "Five Types of Ethical Theory" by C. D. Broad (1887 - 1971).	First, duty should be done for duty’s sake. The rightness or wrongness of an act or rule is, at least in part, a matter of the intrinsic moral features of that kind of act or rule	For example-acts of lying, promise breaking, or murder are intrinsically wrong and we have a duty not to do these things.
Nonmaleficence	(Beauchamp & Childress, 1979)	Non-maleficence means to “do no harm.”	An elderly patient falls at home and has a fractured hip. In the emergency room, the nurse acts to provide pain medication as soon as possible in an act of beneficence. Nonmaleficence- avoidance of harm or hurt; core of medical oath and nursing ethics.